Figure 1.

Multiadjusted differences in circulating markers of dairy according to 1 serving per day of selected food intakes in the Multi‐Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Bars represent multivariate‐adjusted differences and 95% CI in plasma phospholipid fatty acid levels associated with each higher serving per day intake for selected foods, expressed as SD‐units (1 SD=0.08%, 0.05%, and 0.03% difference in 14:0, 15:0, and trans‐16:1n7 fatty acid levels, respectively). Error bars represent 95% CI. Multivariate‐adjusted models included field center, age (years), sex, race/ethnicity (non‐Hispanic whites, blacks, Hispanics, and Chinese Americans), education (<high school, high school, >high school), cigarette smoking (never, current, or former smokers and pack‐years of cigarette smoking), alcohol (g/day), physical activity (active and inactive leisure in metabolic equivalents per minute/week), body mass index (kg/m²), diabetes at baseline (no, impaired fasting glucose, yes), weekly use of dietary supplement (yes, no), energy intake (kcal/day), fiber intake (g/day), unprocessed meat (serving/day), fruits and vegetables, and mutual adjustment for all groups presented. Whole‐fat dairy included whole milk, cheese, and whole‐fat yogurt. Low‐fat dairy included 2% milk, 1%/skim milk, cottage or ricotta cheese, and low‐fat yogurt. Processed meats included ham, hot dogs, bologna, salami, lunchmeats, liver, sausage, chorizo, scrapple, and bacon. Unprocessed red included meat hamburger; cheeseburger; meatloaf; hash; beef, pork, or lamb steaks; roasts; barbeque or ribs; and red meat in stir‐fried and other mixed dishes. Salty snacks included potato, corn, or tortilla chips; crackers; pretzels; and popcorn. Desserts included white and chocolate doughnuts, cookies, cakes, brownies, candy, pastries, PopTarts, Chinese desserts, Mexican desserts, pies, pudding, custard, and flan. Fruits and vegetables included peaches, apricots, nectarines, plums, cantaloupe, mango, papaya, strawberries, blueberries, other berries, apples, applesauce, pears, bananas, plantains, oranges, grapefruit, tangerines, kiwi, dried fruits, tossed salad (with spinach, Romaine, or dark greens), cooked spinach, turnip greens, collards, broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, sauerkraut, kimchi, carrots, winter squash, acorn squash, sweet potatoes, yams, green beans, peas, snow peas, squash, zucchini, asparagus, and tomatoes.