Table 2.
Multivariable‐Adjusted Cross‐sectional Associations of Dairy Plasma Phospholipid With CVD Risk Factors in the Multi‐Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (N=2837)
| Quintiles of Plasma Phospholipid Fatty Acids | P Trend* | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | ||
| 14:0 | ||||||
| Median, % of total fatty acids | 0.17 | 0.21 | 0.25 | 0.3 | 0.38 | |
| Systolic BP, mm Hg* | 125.4 (0.8) | 126.2 (0.8) | 124.2 (0.7) | 126.2 (0.9) | 128.5 (0.9) | 0.02 |
| Diastolic BP, mm Hg* | 71.7 (0.4) | 71.6 (0.4) | 71.3 (0.4) | 72.4 (0.4) | 72.7 (0.4) | 0.03 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL* | 117.9 (2.9) | 130.2 (4) | 134.0 (2.9) | 149 (3.8) | 152.7 (4.9) | <0.0001 |
| HDL‐C, mg/dL* | 50.8 (0.5) | 50.9 (0.5) | 50.1 (0.5) | 50.5 (0.5) | 50.7 (0.6) | 0.77 |
| LDL‐C, mg/dL* | 115.5 (1.2) | 118.5 (1.4) | 116.8 (1.3) | 116.6 (1.3) | 117.7 (1.4) | 0.58 |
| Total:HDL‐C* | 4.0 (0.1) | 4.1 (0.1) | 4.1 (0.1) | 4.2 (0.1) | 4.2 (0.1) | <0.01 |
| CRP, mg/L* | 3.6 (0.3) | 3.9 (0.3) | 3.4 (0.2) | 3.5 (0.2) | 3.6 (0.2) | 0.54 |
| 15:0 | ||||||
| Median, % of total fatty acids | 0.12 | 0.14 | 0.16 | 0.19 | 0.24 | |
| Systolic BP, mm Hg* | 129.1 (0.8) | 126.5 (0.8) | 125.3 (0.7) | 124.6 (0.8) | 123.9 (0.9) | <0.0001 |
| Diastolic BP, mm Hg* | 73.3 (0.4) | 71.9 (0.4) | 71.7 (0.4) | 71.6 (0.4) | 70.7 (0.4) | <0.0001 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL* | 146.4 (3.7) | 137.9 (4.3) | 135.9 (3.6) | 130.3 (3.5) | 124.5 (3.6) | <0.01 |
| HDL‐C, mg/dL* | 50.6 (0.5) | 51.1 (0.5) | 49.8 (0.5) | 50.9 (0.5) | 50.7 (0.6) | 0.89 |
| LDL‐C, mg/dL* | 117.2 (1.3) | 116.6 (1.3) | 117.4 (1.2) | 117.8 (1.4) | 115.9 (1.4) | 0.64 |
| Total:HDL‐C* | 4.14 (0.1) | 4.1 (0.1) | 4.2 (0.1) | 4.1 (0.1) | 4 (0.1) | 0.22 |
| CRP, mg/L* | 3.5 (0.2) | 4.1 (0.3) | 3.4 (0.2) | 3.5 (0.2) | 70.9 (0.3) | 0.66 |
| trans‐16:1n7 | ||||||
| Median, % of total fatty acids | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.1 | |
| Systolic BP, mm Hg* | 126.7 (0.8) | 127.3 (0.8) | 126.2 (0.8) | 123.7 (0.9) | 125.2 (0.9) | 0.03 |
| Diastolic BP, mm Hg* | 72.7 (0.4) | 72.6 (0.4) | 71.5 (0.4) | 71 (0.5) | 71.2 (0.4) | <0.01 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL* | 147.8 (3.5) | 139.9 (3.7) | 133.5 (3.3) | 128.3 (4) | 121.7 (4.1) | <0.0001 |
| HDL‐C, mg/dL* | 50.5 (0.5) | 51.5 (0.5) | 49.9 (0.5) | 50.7 (0.7) | 50.2 (0.6) | 0.35 |
| LDL‐C, mg/dL* | 113 (1.2) | 118 (1.2) | 118.9 (1.4) | 118.6 (1.5) | 118.0 (1.5) | 0.04 |
| Total:HDL‐C* | 4.06 (0.1) | 4.1 (0.1) | 4.2 (0.1) | 4.1 (0.1) | 4.1 (0.1) | 0.91 |
| CRP, mg/L* | 3.6 (0.2) | 3.4 (0.2) | 3.7 (0.3) | 3.4 (0.3) | 3.7 (0.3) | 0.67 |
Values are mean (SE) determined using linear regression with robust variance estimators. Means are adjusted for field center, age (years), sex, race/ethnicity (non‐Hispanic whites, blacks, Hispanics and Chinese Americans), education (<high school, high school, >high school), cigarette smoking (never, current or former smokers, and pack‐years of cigarette smoking), alcohol (g/day), physical activity (metabolic equivalents per minute/week), prevalent diabetes (yes, no) alcohol intake (g/day) and BMI (kg/m2). CVD indicates cardiovascular disease; BP, blood pressure; HDL‐C, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL‐C, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; BMI, body mass index; CRP, C‐reactive protein.
Tests for trend across quintiles were performed by assigning each participant the median fatty acid value in their quintile and modeling this variable as a continuous term.
Included adjustment for antihypertensive medication use at baseline (yes/no).
Included adjustment for lipid‐lowering medication use at baseline (yes/no).
Included adjustment for anti‐inflammatory medication at baseline (yes/no).