Table 4.
Vascular Variables and Cardiovascular Risk Factors Postintervention
| Control | DHA Supplemented | Comparison of Randomized Groups (P Value) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All | Male | Female | All | Male | Female | All | Male | Female | |||||||
| Completed study,* %, n | 85 | 138 | 88 | 57 | 84 | 81 | 84 | 136 | 91 | 50 | 80 | 86 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 |
| Brachial artery | |||||||||||||||
| Diameter, mm | 3.2 | 0.5 | 3.7 | 0.3 | 2.9 | 0.3 | 3.2 | 0.6 | 3.8 | 0.4 | 2.9 | 0.3 | 0.9 | 0.3 | 0.3 |
| Reactive hyperemia, % | 713 | 232 | 632 | 253 | 770 | 200 | 735 | 243 | 672 | 228 | 773 | 246 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.9 |
| Flow‐mediated dilation, mm | 0.29 | 0.1 | 0.32 | 0.1 | 0.27 | 0.1 | 0.26 | 0.1 | 0.25 | 0.1 | 0.27 | 0.1 | 0.02 | 0.002 | 0.8 |
| Flow‐mediated dilation, % | 8.6 | 3.5 | 7.9 | 3.6 | 9.1 | 3.3 | 8.0 | 4.0 | 6.3 | 3.1 | 9.0 | 4.2 | 0.2 | 0.01 | 0.9 |
| Distention,ߤ mm | 0.09 | 0.04 | 0.1 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.04 | 0.09 | 0.04 | 0.1 | 0.04 | 0.08 | 0.04 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.9 |
| Distention,ߤ % | 12.6 | 6.9 | 11.1 | 6.9 | 13.8 | 6.7 | 12.6 | 5.4 | 11.5 | 4.5 | 13.3 | 5.7 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.6 |
| Distensibilty coefficientߤ (×10−3 kPa−1) | 8.9 | 4.0 | 7.5 | 2.5 | 10.0 | 4.7 | 9.2 | 3.7 | 8.3 | 3.2 | 9.7 | 3.9 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 0.7 |
| Right common carotid | |||||||||||||||
| Diameter, mm | 6.5 | 0.5 | 6.7 | 0.5 | 6.3 | 0.4 | 6.4 | 0.5 | 6.8 | 0.4 | 6.2 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.2 |
| Distention, mm | 0.7 | 0.1 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 0.7 | 0.1 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 0.8 | 0.2 | 0.7 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.07 |
| Distention, % | 11.4 | 2.4 | 11.0 | 2.8 | 11.7 | 2.1 | 11.2 | 2.5 | 11.2 | 3.0 | 11.3 | 2.2 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.2 |
| Distensibilty coefficient (×10−3 kPa−1) | 34.1 | 7.8 | 30.2 | 6.6 | 36.9 | 7.4 | 34.0 | 7.5 | 31.3 | 7.0 | 35.6 | 7.3 | 0.9 | 0.4 | 0.3 |
| Intima–media thickness, mm | 0.55 | 0.09 | 0.56 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.07 | 0.55 | 0.07 | 0.56 | 0.06 | 0.5 | 0.07 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 0.3 |
| Carotid radial PWV, m/s | 8.6 | 1.3 | 9.0 | 1.3 | 8.3 | 1.2 | 8.5 | 1.5 | 8.8 | 1.3 | 8.4 | 1.6 | 0.8 | 0.3 | 0.6 |
| Blood pressure, mm Hg | |||||||||||||||
| Systolic | 110 | 11 | 116 | 10 | 105 | 9 | 110 | 11 | 113 | 7 | 108 | 12 | 0.9 | 0.07 | 0.2 |
| Diastolic | 65 | 7 | 68 | 6 | 62 | 7 | 65 | 8 | 65 | 7 | 64 | 9 | 0.9 | 0.05 | 0.1 |
| Mean arterial | 82 | 8 | 87 | 7 | 79 | 7 | 82 | 9 | 83 | 7 | 81 | 10 | 0.7 | 0.02 | 0.2 |
| Pulse pressure | 45 | 7 | 49 | 6 | 43 | 6 | 45 | 6 | 48 | 5 | 43 | 6 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.7 |
| Resting heart rate, beats/min | 64 | 9 | 63 | 10 | 65 | 8 | 64 | 9 | 61 | 8 | 65 | 10 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 0.7 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 4.3 | 0.8 | 4.3 | 0.9 | 4.2 | 0.8 | 4.4 | 0.8 | 4.5 | 0.9 | 4.4 | 0.8 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.3 |
| LDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 2.4 | 0.8 | 2.6 | 0.8 | 2.3 | 0.7 | 2.6 | 0.8 | 2.8 | 0.8 | 2.5 | 0.7 | 0.06 | 0.2 | 0.1 |
| HDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 1.4 | 0.3 | 1.3 | 0.3 | 1.5 | 0.3 | 1.5 | 0.4 | 1.4 | 0.3 | 1.6 | 0.4 | 0.08 | 0.04 | 0.6 |
| VLDL cholesterol,ߥ mmol/L | 0.4 | 49 | 0.4 | 50 | 0.4 | 50 | 0.3 | 54 | 0.3 | 54 | 0.3 | 54 | <0.0001 | 0.01 | 0.001 |
| Total:HDL cholesterol ratio | 3.2 | 1.0 | 3.5 | 1.0 | 2.9 | 0.9 | 3.1 | 1.0 | 3.4 | 1.0 | 3.0 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.7 |
| LDL:HDL cholesterol ratio | 1.8 | 0.8 | 2.1 | 0.9 | 1.6 | 0.7 | 1.9 | 0.9 | 2.1 | 0.9 | 1.7 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 0.3 |
| Triglyceride,ߥ mmol/L | 0.8 | 49 | 0.9 | 49 | 0.8 | 49 | 0.6 | 54 | 0.7 | 54 | 0.6 | 54 | <0.0001 | 0.009 | 0.001 |
| Glucose, mmol/L | 4.8 | 0.5 | 4.9 | 0.4 | 4.6 | 0.5 | 4.7 | 0.6 | 4.9 | 0.7 | 4.6 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.9 |
| Insulin,ߥ mU/L | 27.7 | 55 | 28.5 | 58 | 27.0 | 54 | 29.3 | 61 | 29.0 | 67 | 29.5 | 58 | 0.4 | 0.9 | 0.3 |
| Insulin resistance (HOMA),ߥ μm/L | 0.8 | 58 | 0.8 | 58 | 0.8 | 59 | 0.9 | 68 | 0.9 | 74 | 0.8 | 64 | 0.4 | 0.8 | 0.4 |
| CRP,ߥ mg/L | 1.0 | 114 | 1.0 | 110 | 1.1 | 118 | 1.0 | 123 | 0.6 | 111 | 1.2 | 123 | 0.7 | 0.06 | 0.6 |
Data are mean, SD except *% (n) and ‡geometric mean (coefficient of variation). There is <10% loss of n for some variables except †n=105. DHA indicates docosahexaenoic acid; PWV, pulse wave velocity; LDL, low‐density lipoprotein; HDL, high‐density lipoprotein; VLDL, very low‐density lipoprotein; HOMA, homeostatic model assessment; CRP, C‐reactive protein.