Table 1.
Cytokine production from activated γδ and CD4+ T cells
| Cytokine concentration (pg/ml) | Cytokine concentration (pg/ml) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Resting γδ | Activated γδ | P | n | Resting CD4 | Activated CD4 | P | n | |
| IFN-γ | 21·8 ± 8·0 | 1124·6 ± 513·3 | <0·001 | 10 | 3·0 ± 2·2 | 1605·1 ± 423·9 | <0·001 | 8 |
| IL-4 | 3·8 ± 1·6 | 10·0 ± 2·6 | n.s. | 8 | 3·0 ± 1·8 | 107·6 ± 37·9 | <0·001 | 8 |
| IL-10 | 5·5 ± 0·9 | 30·7 ± 8·1 | <0·05 | 9 | 2·5 ± 1·3 | 630·5 ± 173·9 | <0·001 | 8 |
| TNF-α | 33·4 ± 8·5 | 1050·4 ± 256·9 | <0·001 | 10 | 4·4 ± 2·1 | 2630·1 ± 440·4 | <0·001 | 8 |
| IL-1β | 12·6 ± 2·8 | 54·9 ± 11·9 | <0·05 | 6 | 2·4 ± 0·8 | 68·4 ± 21·8 | <0·05 | 6 |
| IL-6 | 151·7 ± 33·3 | 430·1 ± 131·1 | <0·05 | 10 | 14·2 ± 4·4 | 327·6 ± 94·3 | <0·05 | 8 |
| IL-17 | 4·3 ± 4·2 | 13·5 ± 10·9 | n.s. | 16 | 9·7 ± 9·7 | 354·6 ± 118·5 | <0·001 | 14 |
| GM-CSF | 0·7 ± 0·4 | 209·1 ± 60·9 | <0·05 | 3 | n.d. | 4412·5 ± 1575·9 | – | 3 |
The production of pro- and anti-osteoclastogenic cytokines was determined for resting γδ and CD4 T cells, and following anti-CD3/anti-CD28 stimulation for 24 h. Production of interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-10, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and granulocyte– macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) was assessed using a multiplexed cytometric bead array. IL-17 production was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Data shown are mean ± standard error of the mean from independent experiments from n number of independent donors (n.s. = not significant; n.d. = not determined).