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. 2013 Dec;103(12):e54–e59. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301315

TABLE 3—

Race-Specific Estimated Cotinine Ratios by Child Characteristics, Black and White Children With Lead Levels ≤ 9 μg/dL: United States, 2011–2012

Variable Cotinine Ratio (95% CI)
Black children (n = 681)
Age: 6-mo increase 1.03 (0.96, 1.10)
Female gender 1.13 (0.88, 1.45)
Summer month of collection 0.99 (0.77, 1.28)
Medicaid recipient 1.27 (0.92, 1.75)
State smoking rate: 1% increase 1.04 (0.98, 1.11)
State average winter temperature: 1°F increase 1.00 (0.99, 1.01)
White children (n = 779)
Age: 6-mo increase 1.16 (1.07, 1.27)
Female gender 0.92 (0.69, 1.21)
Summer month of collection 1.21 (0.76, 1.92)
Medicaid recipient 3.32 (2.35, 4.70)
State smoking rate: 1% increase 1.52 (1.24, 1.87)
State average winter temperature: 1° increase 1.14 (1.02, 1.27)
Smoking rate × winter temperature interaction 0.99 (0.99, 100)

Note. CI = confidence interval. Data were derived from a multivariate analysis with left censored data. Dried blood spots for which any of the corresponding child characteristics were missing were excluded from this analysis (n = 81). The sample size was n = 1460.