Table 1. Results for Comparing Children in Grades 1 to 9 who Qualified Their Family for Multigenerational Study of Dyslexia with Verbal Reasoning 90–99 and Verbal Reasoning 122-142.
(p < .001 significant; p >.001 non-significant; see notes below table about measures and ES)
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Probands (n=31) VIQ 90—99 |
Probands (n=33) VIQ 122-142 |
ANOVA Results | ||||||
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| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | F (df) | MS Error | P value | ES | |
| Cognitive | ||||||||
| WISC3 Verbal Index | 95.03 | 3.29 | 129.88 | 6.45 | 727.35 (1,62) | 26.69 | .001 | |
| Working Memory Components | ||||||||
| CTOPP Nonword Repetition | 7.45 | 1.65 | 8.30 | 1.74 | 4.11 (1,62) | 2.82 | .047 | .51 |
| UW Receptive Coding | −1.29 | 0.71 | −0.60 | 0.82 | 8.14 (1,42) | 0.61 | .007 | .88 |
| UW Comes From | −1.37 | 1.37 | 0.22 | 0.55 | 30.83 (1,49) | 1.04 | .001 | 1.56 |
| CELF3 Sentence Formulation | 8.61 | 2.00 | 12.30 | 1.93 | 56.62 (1,62) | 3.84 | .001 | 1.88 |
| Wolf RAN Letters | 2.64 | 3.12 | 1.43 | 1.66 | 3.75 (1,60) | 6.13 | .058 | 0.49 |
| UW Alphabet 15 | −0.90 | 0.83 | −1.11 | 0.69 | 1.16 (1,61) | 0.58 | .285 | 0.28 |
| RAS Letters, Digits Total Time | 3.07 | 2.70 | 2.24 | 1.92 | 2.01 (1,61) | 5.40 | .162 | 0.36 |
| Delis Kaplan Inhibition | 8.53 | 3.20 | 8.10 | 3.13 | 0.29 (1,59) | 10.04 | .593 | 0.14 |
| Delis Kaplan Verbal Fluency Repetitions | 6.48 | 2.72 | 7.31 | 2.28 | 1.72 (1,61) | 6.27 | .194 | 0.33 |
| RAS Line 1 | 7.13 | 3.56 | 7.67 | 2.24 | 0.14 (1,15) | 8.59 | .709 | 0.18 |
| RAS Line 2 | 15.50 | 5.32 | 18.67 | 2.96 | 2.38 (1,15) | 17.87 | .144 | 0.75 |
| RAS Line 3 | 25.38 | 9.13 | 29.56 | 4.64 | 1.47 (1,15) | 50.41 | .244 | 0.59 |
| RAS Line 4 | 37.88 | 15.69 | 39.67 | 5.77 | 0.10 (1,15) | 135.59 | .753 | 0.15 |
| Reading and Writing Skills | ||||||||
| WRMTR Word ID | 77.48 | 11.70 | 96.70 | 13.19 | 37.83 (1,62) | 155.98 | .001 | 1.54 |
| WRMTR Word Attack | 78.42 | 13.01 | 92.30 | 10.47 | 22.23 (1,62) | 138.59 | .001 | 1.18 |
| TOWRE Sight Word Efficiency | 83.68 | 10.21 | 96.64 | 11.99 | 21.53 (1,62) | 124.68 | .001 | 1.16 |
| TOWRE Phonemic Decoding Efficiency | 80.23 | 11.50 | 90.06 | 8.62 | 15.11 (1,62) | 102.34 | .001 | 0.97 |
| WRAT-3 Spelling | 80.81 | 8.53 | 90.06 | 8.53 | 18.82 (1,62) | 72.75 | .001 | 1.09 |
| WIAT-2 Spelling | 76.80 | 8.11 | 87.64 | 10.70 | 20.21 (1,61) | 91.32 | .001 | 1.13 |
Notes for Measures: WISC 3 Verbal Index assesses verbal reasoning. CTOPP nonword repetition assesses phonological word-form storing and processing. UW Receptive Coding assesses orthographic storing and processing. UW Comes-From assesses morphological storing and processing. CELF3 assess syntactic coding ability. RAN assesses rapid automatic naming of letters (phonological loop). UW Alphabet 15 assesses rapid automatic letter writing (orthographic loop). RAS assesses rapid automatic switching of supervisory attention in working memory. Delis-Kaplan Color Word-Form Inhibition assesses selective attention for focusing attention. Delis-Kaplan Verbal Fluency Repetitions assesses self-monitoring of working memory. RAS for letters, number, and colors across lines 1, 2, 3, and 4 assesses sustaining switching attention across time. WRMTR Word Identification assesses accuracy of real word reading. WRMTR Word Attack assesses accuracy of pseudoword decoding. TOWRE Sight Word Efficiency assesses rate of real word reading. TOWRE Phonemic Reading Efficiency assesses rate of pseudoword decoding. WRAT3 and WIAT 2 assess accuracy of dictated written spelling for words pronounced alone and in sentence context.
Notes for ES. Effect sizes based on difference in means for the two groups divided by the pooled SD for the whole sample.