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Flow diagrams show the setup of the (A) in vitro and (B) in vivo studies. The in vitro study involved the transfection of MSCs with siGNAS1 and siPHD2 and evaluation of cell proliferation, collagen expression, osteopontin expression, and dose-dependent ALP expression. The in vivo study involved embedding either siGNAS1 or siPHD2 or both in SFCS scaffolds and implanting them over periosteum engrafted on the latissimus dorsi muscle to fabricate ectopic bone.
