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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Nov 1.
Published in final edited form as: Prog Retin Eye Res. 2013 Aug 9;37:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2013.07.003. doi: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2013.07.003

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Immune changes in aging vs. AMD. The aging eye sees shows increased oxidative load and diminished antioxidant capacity, increased immunoreactivity towards complement factors, shifts in macrophage polarization, general increased microglia activity, and upregulation of pro-and anti-inflammatory factors. In AMD, each of these balances is disturbed, evidenced by excessive increases in each of these categories that synergize to launch the system into a disease state. There is a lack of data regarding IL-10 and IL-4 levels in AMD patients with respect to age-matched controls (indicated by “?”).