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TGF-β1 activation in obstructed kidneys of wild type mice at day 14 after UUO. (A) Phosphorylated Smad3 was present in tubular epithelial cells and some interstitial cells with similar expression amongst groups (×400). (B) Phosphorylated Smad3 whole kidney protein was increased by thymosin β4 plus POP inhibitor but reduced by thymosin β4 alone or Ac-SDKP treatment; *p<0.05 vs control UUO, n=5 in each group.
