Table 3. Islet cell hormonal responses to mixed-nutrient meala testing (17, 22, 30).
| Type 1 Diabetes | Type 2 Diabetes | Type 3c Diabetes | |
|---|---|---|---|
| C-peptide | Normalb, low or absent | Elevatedc or normalb | Normalb, low or absent |
| Insulin | Normalb, low or absent | Elevatedc or normalb | Normalb, low, or absent |
| Glucagon | Normalb or elevated | Normalb or elevated | Normalb, low, or absent |
| Pancreatic Polypeptide | Normal or low | Normal or elevated | Low or Absent |
a
Can be standardized to 12 ounces of Boost® or equivalent and administered with prescribed pancreatic enzymes.
b
Values in the normal range are inappropriate in the context of elevated glucose and indicate an impairment in beta-cell mass or function.
c
Elevated levels were calculated by comparing area under the curve for serum c-peptide and insulin responses to a liquid test meal for cases and controls.