Table 1.
Characteristics of the included studies.
| First author and survey year | Study location | Survey date | Survey level | Age range | Sampling method | Location | Diagnostic criteria | Diagnosis method | Total sample size (male/female) | Total case size (male/female) | Prevalence (%) | Awareness (%) | Treatment (%) | Control (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sha 1980 [29] | Shanghai | 1978~1979 | Provincial | 0~89 | NA | Urban/rural | NA | Urine glucose/FPG/ OGTT |
101624 (40664/51960) | 1028 (523/505) | 1.01 (0.95~1.07) | ∖ | ∖ | ∖ |
| Zhong 1979 [34] | China | Oct. 1979 | National | All age | Cluster sampling | Urban/rural | The Lanzhou conference on diabetes | OGTT | 304537 (160195/144342) | 1854 (1009/845) | 0.61 (0.58~0.64) | ∖ | ∖ | ∖ |
| Xiang 1989 [36] | Shanxi/ Beijing/ Liaoning |
1989 | Provincial | 20~ | General survey | Urban/rural | WHO1988 | OGTT | 44747 (27938/16809) | 1181 (808/373) | 2.64 (2.49~2.79) | ∖ | ∖ | ∖ |
| Pan 1994 [32] | China | Apr. 1994 | National | 25~64 | General survey | Urban/rural | WHO1985 | OGTT | 213515 | 4864 | 2.28 (2.21~2.34) | ∖ | ∖ | ∖ |
| Xu 1994 [31] | Yunnan | 1994 | Provincial | 15~ | Stratified random cluster sampling | Urban/rural | NA | OGTT | 4252 (1963/2289) | 97 (41/56) | 2.28 (1.83~2.73) | ∖ | ∖ | ∖ |
| Liu 1995 [35] | Ningxia | 1995 | Provincial | 35~ | Stratified random cluster sampling | Urban | BG ≥ 7.2 mmol/L/history of diabetes | FPG | 2039 (1092/947) | 77 (34/43) | 3.78 (2.95~4.60) | ∖ | ∖ | ∖ |
| Wang 1995 [39] | Hubei | July. 1994~Mar. 1995 | Provincial | 25~70 | Stratified random cluster sampling | Urban/rural | WHO1985 | OGTT | 9450 (4790/4660) | 248 (137/111) | 2.62 (2.30~2.95) | ∖ | ∖ | ∖ |
| Yang 1995 [33] | Anhui | Sept. 1994~Aug. 1995 | Provincial | 15~80 | Stratified cluster sampling | Urban/rural | WHO1985 | OGTT | 10991 (6132/4859) | 246 (150/96) | 2.24 (1.96~2.51) | ∖ | ∖ | ∖ |
| Zhang 1995 [34] | Fujian | 1995 | Provincial | 15~ | NA | Urban/rural | BG ≥ 11.1 mmol/L | OGTT | 4075 | 83 | 2.04 (1.60~2.47) | ∖ | ∖ | ∖ |
| Xiang 1996 [36] | China | 1995~1996 | National | 20~75 | Stratified cluster sampling | Urban/rural | WHO1985 | FPG | 42751 | 1548 | 3.62 (3.44~3.80) | ∖ | ∖ | ∖ |
| Zhao 1996 [38] | Shandong | 1994~1996 | Provincial | 0~99 | Stratified random cluster sampling | Urban/rural/other | WHO | OGTT | 20228 | 221 | 1.09 (0.95~1.24) | ∖ | ∖ | ∖ |
| Liu 1997 [42] | Hebei | Feb.~June. 1997 | Provincial | 20~74 | Stratified random sampling | Urban/rural | WHO1985 | FPG | 5975 (2771/3204) | 287 (117/170) | 4.80 (4.26~5.35) | ∖ | ∖ | ∖ |
| Zhang 1997 [37] | Hebei | Nov. 1996~Feb. 1997 | Provincial | 20~74 | Stratified random cluster sampling | Urban/rural | NA | FPG/OGTT | 2762 (1207/1555) | 77 (30/47) | 2.79 (2.17~3.40) | ∖ | ∖ | ∖ |
| Sheng 1998 [40] | Shanghai | 1998 | Provincial | 30~79 | General survey | Urban | ADA1997/ WHO1985 |
FPG/OGTT | 9376 (4096/4307) | 299 (168/131) | 3.19 (2.83~3.54) | 62.54 (57.06~68.03) | ∖ | ∖ |
| Wang 1998 [41] | Guangdong | 1997~1998 | Provincial | 20~74 | Stratified random cluster sampling | Urban/rural | WHO1985 | OGTT | 11742 (5450/6292) | 414 (200/214) | 3.53 (3.19~3.86) | ∖ | ∖ | ∖ |
| Hu 2001 [21] | China | 2000~2001 | National | 35~74 | A four-stage stratified sampling random cluster method | Urban/rural | ADA1997 | FPG | 15236 (7368/7868) | 986 (489/497) | 6.47 (6.08~6.86) | 28.50 (25.68~31.32) | 24.75 (22.05~27.44) | 9.43 (7.61~11.26) |
| Gu 2002 [43] | Shanghai | Aug. 2001~Jan. 2002 | Provincial | 15~ | Multistage-stratified cluster sampling | Urban | NA | NA | 7563 (3691/3872) | 131 (53/78) | 1.73 (1.44~2.03) | ∖ | ∖ | ∖ |
| Wang 2002 [46] | China | Aug.~Dec. 2002 | National | 18~ | Multistage-stratified random cluster sampling | Urban/rural | WHO1995 | FPG/OGTT | 52416 (24428/27988) | 1364 (620/744) | 2.60 (2.47~2.74) | ∖ | ∖ | ∖ |
| Hu 2003 [47] | Zhejiang | 2003 | Provincial | All age | Multistage-stratified random cluster sampling | NA | NA | NA | 21666 (10896/10770) | 141 | 0.65 (0.54~0.76) | ∖ | ∖ | ∖ |
| Li 2003a [45] | Sichuan | 2003 | Provincial | All age | Stratified cluster sampling | Urban/rural | NA | NA | 12714 (6403/6311) | 320 | 2.52 (2.24~2.79) | ∖ | ∖ | ∖ |
| Li 2003b [49] | Shanghai | 2003 | Provincial | 15~ | A four-stage stratified random cluster sampling | Urban/rural | WHO1999 | OGTT | 11589 (4621/6968) | 1000 (412/588) | 8.63 (8.12~9.14) | ∖ | ∖ | ∖ |
| Ma 2003 [44] | Qinghai | 2001~2003 | Provincial | 20~74 | Stratified cluster sampling | Urban/rural | ADA/ WHO1997 |
FPG/OGTT | 2276 | 70 | 3.08 (2.37~3.78) | ∖ | ∖ | ∖ |
| Zhang 2003 [62] | Inner Mongolia | July. 2002~Sept. 2003 | Provincial | 20~ | NA | Rural | ADA 2009 | FPG | 2563 (1050/1513) | 94 (41/53) | 3.67 (2.94~4.40) | ∖ | ∖ | ∖ |
| Sun 2004 [48] | Hebei | Sept.~Oct. 2004 | Provincial | 18~69 | Multistage stratified sampling | Urban/rural | FPG ≥ 7.0 mmol/L/ 2 hBG ≥ 11.1 mmol/L/ previous diagnosis of diabetes |
FPG/OGTT | 4196 (1731/2465) | 224 (94/130) | 5.34 (4.66~6.02) | ∖ | ∖ | ∖ |
| Tian 2004 [59] | Tianjin | 2004 | Provincial | 35~ | NA | Rural | WHO1999 | FPG | 769792 (364781/405011) | 72803 (30277/42526) | 9.50 (9.43~9.57) | ∖ | ∖ | ∖ |
| Zhao 2004 [52] | Shandong | 2004 | Provincial | 20~74 | Stratified random cluster sampling | Urban/rural | WHO1999 | FPG/OGTT | 5003 (2395/2608) | 419 (200/219) | 8.38 (7.61~9.14) | ∖ | ∖ | ∖ |
| Qi 2005 [74] | Tianjin | June. 2005 | Provincial | 15~ | Multiphase stratified random cluster sampling | NA | ADA1997/ Immunology of Diabetes Society criteria |
FPG | 8109 (3878/4231) | 498 (299/199) | 6.14 (5.62~6.66) | ∖ | ∖ | ∖ |
| Wei 2005 [71] | Heilongjiang | 2005 | Provincial | 20~ | Multistage random cluster sampling | Rural | WHO1999 | FPG/OGTT | 1058 (530/528) | 75 (38/37) | 7.09 (5.54~8.64) | ∖ | ∖ | ∖ |
| Zhang 2005 [51] | Beijing | Sept.~Nov. 2005 | Provincial | 18~ | Stratified multi-stage cluster sampling | Urban/rural | WHO1999 | FPG | 16658 (6605/10053) | 1099 | 6.60 (6.22~6.97) | 56.69 (53.76~59.62) | 49.95 (47.00~52.91) | 15.01 (12.90~17.13) |
| Zhi 2005 [57] | Tianjin | June.~Sept. 2005 | Provincial | 15~74 | Multiphase stratified cluster sampling | Urban/rural | WHO1999/IDF | FPG | 20741 (9986/10755) | 1259 (511/748) | 6.07 (5.75~6.40) | ∖ | ∖ | ∖ |
| Li 2006 [50] | Shanghai | 2006 | Provincial | 15~74 | Multistage cluster random sampling | Urban/rural | WHO1999 | OGTT | 11589 (4621/6968) | 1000 (412/588) | 8.63 (8.12~9.14) | ∖ | ∖ | ∖ |
| Xu 2006 [54] | Beijing | 2001~2006 | Provincial | 45~ | NA | Urban/rural | BG ≥ 7.0 mmol/L/self-reported diabetes/a history of drug treatment for diabetes | Blood biochemical analyses | 3251 (1838/1413) | 381 | 11.72 (10.61~12.83) | ∖ | ∖ | ∖ |
| Zhang 2006 [61] | Qinghai | 2006 | Provincial | NA | NA | Urban/rural | WHO1999 | FPG/OGTT | 4864 (2905/1959) | 233 | 4.79 (4.19~5.39) | ∖ | ∖ | ∖ |
| Zhao 2006 [63] | Shanxi | Aug. 2005~Aug. 2006 | Provincial | 15~ | Random cluster sampling | Urban/rural | WHO1999 | FPG/OGTT | 12111 (5324/6787) | 638 (309/329) | 5.27 (4.87~5.67) | ∖ | ∖ | ∖ |
| Cheng 2007 [56] | Shanghai | Mar. 2007 | Provincial | 18~ | Random sampling | Urban/rural | NA | NA | 2320 (980/1340) | 215 (91/124) | 9.27 (8.09~10.45) | ∖ | ∖ | ∖ |
| Dai 2007 [65] | Jiangsu | 2007 | Provincial | 18~ | A four-stage stratified random cluster sampling | Urban/rural | WHO | FPG | 11833 (5210/6623) | 609 (271/338) | 5.10 (4.70~5.50) | ∖ | ∖ | ∖ |
| Jin 2007 [66] | Beijing | Sept.~Nov. 2007 | Provincial | 20~ | Random cluster sampling | Urban/rural | WHO1999 | FPG/OGTT | 3484 (1390/2094) | 510 (238/272) | 14.64 (13.46~15.81) | ∖ | ∖ | ∖ |
| Lv 2007 [22] | Jiangsu | 2007 | Provincial | 15~69 | Multistage random cluster sampling | Urban/rural | NA | FPG | 4318 (2007/2311) | 363 (153/210) | 8.41 (7.58~9.23) | 33.06 (28.22~37.90) | 27.27 (22.69~31.85) | 9.09 (6.13~12.05) |
| Wang 2007 [60] | Guangdong | 2006~2007 | Provincial | 20~ | A four-stage sampling method | Urban/rural | WHO1999 | OGTT | 6033 (1930/4103) | 639 (229/410) | 10.59 (9.82~11.37) | ∖ | ∖ | ∖ |
| Wei 2007 [70] | Beijing | June.~Sept. 2007 | Provincial | 20~ | Stratified random cluster sampling | Urban/rural | WHO1999 | FPG/OGTT | 5465 | 1060 | 19.40 (18.35~20.44) | ∖ | ∖ | ∖ |
| Yu 2007 [55] | Shandong | 2007 | Provincial | 25~ | Multistage-stratified random sampling | Rural | WHO1999 | FPG/OGTT | 16341 (6992/9349) | 697 (289/408) | 4.27 (3.40~4.58) | ∖ | ∖ | ∖ |
| Zhan 2007 [79] | Beijing | May.~Aug. 2007 | Provincial | 20~ | Multistage random cluster sampling | Urban/rural | WHO1999 | FPG | 10054 (3687/6367) | 1105 (408/697) | 10.99 (10.38~11.60) | 59.28 (56.38~62.17) | 55.20 (52.27~58.14) | 32.22 (29.46~34.97) |
| Chen 2008a [64] | Shanghai | 2007~2008 | Provincial | 40~ | Multistage-stratified random sampling | Urban | NA | FPG | 619 (230/389) | 113 | 18.26 (15.21~21.30) | ∖ | ∖ | ∖ |
| Chen 2008b [67] | Heilongjiang | Sept. 2007~Mar. 2008 | Provincial | 20~74 | Multistage stratified cluster sampling | Urban/rural | WHO1999 | FPG/OGTT | 3058 (1219/1839) | 265 (135/130) | 8.67 (7.67~9.66) | ∖ | ∖ | ∖ |
| Fan 2008 [53] | Zhejiang | NA | Provincial | 35~ | Multistage-stratified random cluster sampling | Urban/rural | NA | FPG | 6902 (2620/4282) | 401 (162/239) | 5.81 (5.26~6.36) | 50.37 (45.48~55.27) | 49.38 (44.48~54.27) | 24.19 (20.00~28.38) |
| Li 2008 [68] | Guangdong | Jan. 2007~Dec. 2008 | Provincial | All age | Stratified cluster sampling | Urban/rural | NCEP-ATP III 2005 criteria | FPG | 1206 (875/331) | 52 (40/12) | 4.31 (3.17~5.46) | ∖ | ∖ | ∖ |
| Lin 2008 [58] | Fujian | July. 2007~May. 2008 | Provincial | 20~74 | Multistage-stratified sampling | Urban/rural | IDF 2005 | FPG/OGTT | 3208 (1250/1958) | 305 (126/179) | 9.51 (8.49~10.52) | ∖ | ∖ | ∖ |
| Su 2008 [69] | Beijing | Sept. 2008 | Provincial | NA | Multistage-stratified and systematic random cluster sampling | Urban | NA | NA | 1511 (504/1007) | 315 (112/203) | 20.85 (18.80~22.90) | ∖ | ∖ | 35.87 (30.58~41.17) |
| Yang 2008 [72] | China | June. 2007~May. 2008 | National | 20~ | Multistage stratified sampling | Urban/rural | WHO1999 | OGTT | 46239 (18419/27820) | 4372 (1952/2420) | 9.70 (9.43~9.97) | ∖ | ∖ | ∖ |
| Li 2009 [77] | Shanghai | 2009 | Provincial | 35~74 | NA | Urban/rural | ADA 2009 | FPG/OGTT | 7423 (3461/3962) | 1158 (601/557) | 15.60 (14.77~16.43) | ∖ | ∖ | ∖ |
| Le 2010 [73] | Yunnan | 2008~2010 | Provincial | 18~ | Four-stage stratified random sampling | Urban/rural | FBG was 7.0 mmol/L/using antidiabetic medications/previous diagnosis of diabetes | FPG | 10007 (4628/5379) | 657 (260/397) | 6.57 (6.08~7.05) | 29.38 (25.89~) | 23.44 (20.20~26.68) | ∖ |
| Yang 2010 [23] | Xinjiang | 2007~2010 | Provincial | 35~ | Stratified sampling method | Urban/rural | ADA 2009 | FPG | 14122 (6539/7583) | 948 (506/442) | 6.71 (6.30~7.13) | 43.35 (40.20~46.51) | 17.72 (15.29~20.15) | 6.86 (5.25~8.47) |
| Ye 2010 [75] | Zhejiang | July.~Nov. 2010 | Provincial | 18~ | Multiphase stratified random cluster sampling | Urban/rural | WHO1999 | FPG/OGTT | 17437 (8169/9268) | 1529 (683/846) | 8.77 (8.35~9.19) | 59.19 (56.73~61.65) | ∖ | ∖ |
| CDC 2011 [28] | 31provinces | 2011 | National | 18~ | Multiphase stratified random cluster sampling | Urban/rural | NA | FPG/OGTT | 96941 (44353/52588) | 9403 (4524/4733) | 9.70 (9.51~9.89) | 36.10 (35.13~37.07) | 92.50 (91.97~93.03) | 34.70 (33.74~35.66) |
| Chen 2011 [76] | Shandong | July.~Sept. 2011 | Provincial | 18~69 | Multiphase stratified random cluster sampling | Urban/rural | WHO1999 | FPG/OGTT | 15262 (7643/7619) | 941 (499/442) | 6.17 (5.78~6.55) | ∖ | ∖ | ∖ |
| Liu 2012 [78] | Ningxia | NA | Provincial | NA | Multistage random cluster sampling | NA | WHO1997 | NA | 3001 (1418/1583) | 76 | 2.53 (1.97~3.09) | ∖ | ∖ | ∖ |
NA: not available; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; OGTT: oral glucose tolerance test; BG: blood glucose concentration; WHO: World Health Organization; ADA: American Diabetes Association; IDF: International Diabetes Federation; NCEP-ATP: National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel.