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Effects of unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) and alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) on (a) nitric oxide (NO) and (b) transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) levels. Values are mean ± SEM from 10 rats in each group. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 versus sham, † P < 0.01, †† P < 0.001 versus UUO within the same kidney. # P < 0.01, ## P < 0.001 versus corresponding contralateral kidney.
