. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Nov 18.

Published in final edited form as: AIDS. 2012 Nov 13;26(17):10.1097/QAD.0b013e328358d908. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e328358d908

Table 1. Summary of studies of the association of HPV and HIV acquisition.

First Author, year	Study type (median follow-up per participant)	Participants, location	HPV prevalence	Number of HIV sero- conversions (cohort size or controls)	HPV genotypes	Comparison group	Confounding factors adjusted for¹	Unadjusted HR (95 % CI)	Adjusted HR (95% CI)
Studies in Women
Auvert, 2011[29]	Cohort (2.5yrs)	Microbicides trial in sex workers, South Africa	70.5% at baseline^5,18	25 (88)	≥2 high-risk¹⁵	≤1 high-risk HPV	TV, NG, CT, TP and sexual behavior	-	4.0 (1.2-14.0)
Averbach, 2010[24]	Nested case control study (21.9 months, 3 months between HPV and HIV)	Hormonal contraception observational study, Zimbabwe	48.7% at visit before sero- conversion ¹⁹	145 (446)	Any¹⁶ High-risk¹⁶ Low-risk¹⁶ Non-persistent¹⁶ Persistent¹⁶ 16/18¹⁶ 6/11/16/18¹⁶	No HPV No HPV No HPV No HPV No HPV No HPV 16/18 No HPV 6/11/16/18	BV, TV, NG, CT, HSV2, TP and sexual behavior	2.7 (1.7 – 4.1) 2.7 (1.7 – 4.3) 2.5 (1.3 – 4.6) 5.3 (3.2–9.0) 1.12 (0.6–2.0) 1.65 (0.96-2.72)¹⁰ 1.63 (0.98-2.72)¹⁰	2.4 (1.5-4.0) 2.3 (1.4-3.9) 2.8 (1.3-5.9) 5.4 (2.9–9.9) 0.97 (0.51-1.85) 0.94 (0.46-1.92)¹⁰ 0.94 (0.47 - 1.84)¹⁰
Low, 2011[25]	Cohort (1.7 years)	Sex workers observational HIV study, Burkina Faso	1.6% at baseline^6,19	4 (183)	Any¹⁷	No HPV	HSV2	2.45 (0.26-24.85)¹⁰	2.26 (0.23-22.60)¹⁰
Myer, 2007[27]	Cohort (14.3 months)	Cervical cancer screening Study, South Africa	17.5% at baseline¹⁹	111 (4200)	High-risk¹⁷	No HPV	NG, CT and sexual behavior	1.72 (1.25-2.35)¹⁰	1.66 (1.21-2.28)¹⁰
Smith- McCune, 2010[26]	Cohort (21 months)	HIV prevention trial of diaphragm and gel, Zimbabwe	24.5% baseline¹⁸	88 (2040)	Any¹⁶ High-risk¹⁶ Low-risk¹⁶ Non-persistent high-risk16 Non-persistent low-risk¹⁶ Persistent high-risk¹⁶ Persistent low-risk¹⁶ 16/18¹⁶ 6/11/16/18 6/11/16/18/31/ 33/45/52/58^8,16	No HPV No HPV No HPV No HPV No HPV No HPV No HPV No HPV 16/18 No HPV 6/11/16/18 No HPV 6/11 /16/18/31/ 33/45/52/58⁸	TV, NG, CT, HSV2, TP, MC⁹ and sexual behavior	1.50 (0.92–2.43) 1.95 (1.19–3.21) 2.02 (1.47-3.98) 2.42 (1.26-2.35) 1.01 (0.72-3.15) 1.50 (0.56-1.84) - - -	1.71 (1.00-2.92)¹¹ 1.96 (1.16-3.3) 1.7 (1.02-2.85) 1.67 (1.03-2.74) 2.09 (1.27-3.44) 0.82 (0.45-1.50) 1.24 (0.59-2.60) 0.84 (0.32-2.18)¹⁰ 2.00 (1.00-3.99)¹⁰ 2.57 (1.48-4.46)¹⁰
Veldhuijzen, 2010[28]	Cohort (16.6 months²)	Sex workers observational HIV study, Rwanda	70% at baseline^7,19	10 (366)	High-risk¹⁷	No HPV	None	4.9 (1.2-19.7)	-

Studies in men who have sex with men
Chin-Hong, 2009[23]	Cohort (36 months³)	Behavioural intervention study, Multicentre, USA	56.8% at baseline¹²	51(1409)	1type^12,17 2 or more types^12,17	No HPV No HPV	Self-reported STIs and sexual behavior	2.8 (1.04-7.4) 3.6 (1.5-8.4)	2.0 (0.61-6.5) 3.5 (1.2-10.6)

Studies in heterosexual men
Smith, 2010[30]	Cohort⁴	Male circumcision trial, Kenya	50% at baseline¹⁴	63(2168)	Any type^13,17 High-risk^14,17 Low-risk^14,17 16/18^14,17 6/11/16/18^14,17 6/11/16/18/31/ 33/45/52/58⁸,¹⁴,¹⁷	No HPV No HPV No HPV No HPV 16/18 No HPV 6/11/16/18 No HPV 6/11 /16/18/31/ 33/45/52/58⁸	HSV2 and MC	- - - - - -	1.8 (1.1-2.9) 1.5 (0.9-2.6) 1.8 (0.9-3.6) 1.8 (0.9-3.4)¹⁰ 1.3 (0.7-2.5)¹⁰ 1.4(0.8-2.7)¹⁰

TV is Trichomonas vaginalis, NG is Neisseria gonorrhoeae, HSV2 is Herpes simplex virus type 2, TP is Treponema pallidum, CT is Chlamydia trachomatis, BV is Bacterial vaginosis and MC is male circumcision.

Median time from HPV visit (at month 6 of the study) to HIV test follow-up

Calculated from person years follow-up and number of participants

⁴

In the original trial follow up was for 24 months. 1550 (71%) entered prolonged follow-up for 42 months. No median follow-up time was provided

⁵

Prevalence of oncogenic at baseline, prevalence of non-oncogenic HPV was 60.2%

⁶

In those who later became HIV positive

⁷

Prevalence of oncogenic HPV In those who later became HIV positive, the prevalence of oncogenic HPV in those who remained HIV negative was 32%

⁸

These HPV types are those covered by the nonovalent vaccine

⁹

In this study, MC relates to circumcision status of regular partner at baseline or of new partner during return visits

¹⁰

These unpublished data were provided by the authors and are additionally adjusted for the presence of other HPV genotypes

¹¹

Unpublished data provided by the authors

¹²

Anal sample

¹³

Penile sample from glans/coronal sulcus

¹⁴

Penile sample, any site

¹⁵

HPV measured at two time points, and most recent used

¹⁶

At visit prior to seroconversion

¹⁷

At baseline

¹⁸

Cervico-vaginal

¹⁹

Cervical