Table 1. Characteristics of study participants: the Tromsø Study.
| Variable | Normal phenotype (n=831) | Intermediate drusen (n=732) | Large drusen (n=514) | Late AMD (n=76) | All participants (n=2149) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Female sex, n (%) | 443 (54%) | 431 (59%) | 312 (61%) | 35 (46%) | 1228 (57%) |
| Age, in years | 71.2±4.9 | 71.6±5.0 | 73.8±5.6 | 76.9±5.3 | 72.2±5.3 |
| Hypertensiona, n (%) | 606 (75%) | 542 (74%) | 398 (78%) | 69 (91%) | 1629 (76%) |
| Diabetesb, n (%) | 82 (10%) | 69 (9%) | 49 (10%) | 9 (12%) | 213 (10%) |
| Depressionc, n (%) | 48 (6%) | 44 (6%) | 36 (7%) | 4 (5%) | 134 (6%) |
| Physically actived, n (%) | 295 (36%) | 245 (33%) | 160 (31%) | 17 (22%) | 717 (33%) |
| Body mass index, in kg/m2 | 27.2±4.1 | 26.8±3.9 | 27.1±4.4 | 26.6±3.8 | 27.0±4.1 |
| Total Cholesterol, in mmol/l | 5.7±1.1 | 5.7±1.1 | 5.7±1.1 | 5.6±3.8 | 5.7±1.1 |
| Smoking habits, n (%) | |||||
| Never smoker | 297 (37%) | 279 (39%) | 198 (39%) | 16 (23%) | 795 (38%) |
| Former smoker | 382 (48%) | 346 (49%) | 236 (47%) | 37 (53%) | 1,007 (48%) |
| Daily smoker | 117 (15%) | 89 (13%) | 69 (14%) | 17 (24%) | 293 (14%) |
| Alcohol consumption, n (%) | |||||
| Abstinent | 144 (18%) | 134 (19%) | 132 (27%) | 20 (29%) | 433 (21%) |
| ≤1 time per month | 286 (36%) | 220 (31%) | 183 (37%) | 23 (33%) | 717 (34%) |
| 2-4 times per month | 208 (27%) | 227 (32%) | 108 (22%) | 18 (26%) | 563 (27%) |
| >4 times per month | 150 (19%) | 130 (18%) | 72 (14%) | 9 (13%) | 364 (18%) |
| Highest level of education attained, n (%) | |||||
| Primary school | 351 (44%) | 328 (46%) | 263 (53%) | 40 (54%) | 990 (47%) |
| Secondary school | 280 (35%) | 208 (29%) | 149 (30%) | 23 (31%) | 665 (32%) |
| College/University | 164 (21%) | 171 (25%) | 84 (17%) | 11 (15%) | 430 (21%) |
| Impaired visione, n (%) | 7 (1%) | 8 (1%) | 12 (2%) | 16 (23%) | 46 (2%) |
Abbreviation: AMD, age-related macular degeneration.
All values are means±SD unless otherwise indicated.
a
Defined as: Systolic blood pressure ≥140 mm Hg, diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mm Hg, or use of antihypertensive treatment.
b
Self-reported diabetes, use of anti-diabetic medication, or serum glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) >6.5%.
c
Answering the question ‘Have you in the last two weeks felt down/depressed?' in the upper two of the four categories (‘a lot' or ‘very much').
d
≥1 times exercise per week with sweating or out of breath or ≥2 times exercise per week without sweating or out of breath.
e
Snellen ≤0.32.