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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Nov 18.
Published in final edited form as: Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2008 Jan 12;393(4):10.1007/s00423-007-0273-3. doi: 10.1007/s00423-007-0273-3

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1

Experimental data on cigarette smoke-induced pancreatic damage shows several mechanisms by which detrimental effects are induced. These mechanisms include interference with pancreatic regulations by nicotine or nitrosamines, inflammatory events, carcinogen-induced DNA damage, interference of cigarette smoke constituents with anti-proteases, and possible ischemic events