TABLE 3.
Linear regression coefficients modeling cardiorespiratory fitness (treadmill duration in seconds) at year 20 as a function of daily servings of food groups at year 20, overall and stratified by race-sex subgroups1
| Food groups | Total (n = 2529) | White men (n = 649) | Black men (n = 444) | White women (n = 752) | Black women (n = 684) |
| Fruit (servings/d) | |||||
| Fruit | −3.34 ± 1.52* | 1.97 ± 2.50 | −6.78 ± 3.36* | −1.93 ± 2.67 | 0.17 ± 2.17 |
| Fruit juices | 2.36 ± 1.86 | 7.22 ± 3.34* | 3.97 ± 3.06 | −2.56 ± 4.48 | −1.39 ± 2.56 |
| Vegetables, excluding potatoes (servings/d) | |||||
| Green leafy | 4.72 ± 2.89 | 10.05 ± 5.18 | 9.52 ± 7.80 | 7.78 ± 3.89* | 1.39 ± 5.00 |
| Dark yellow | −8.71 ± 6.17 | 29.34 ± 13.07* | −28.34 ± 15.03 | −6.32 ± 7.63 | 10.83 ± 11.72 |
| Tomatoes | 2.05 ± 4.94 | −10.48 ± 10.58 | 9.96 ± 10.56 | 4.75 ± 7.48 | −0.63 ± 6.58 |
| Avocados/guacamole | 3.65 ± 5.30 | −10.66 ± 10.97 | 13.82 ± 15.61 | 6.56 ± 5.84 | 13.87 ± 11.35 |
| Other | −2.05 ± 2.03 | 2.04 ± 4.04 | 2.09 ± 3.90 | −0.01 ± 3.13 | −0.67 ± 3.34 |
| Vegetables, potatoes (servings/d) | |||||
| Potatoes | −3.48 ± 5.69 | −21.79 ± 10.70* | −11.21 ± 8.87 | 1.87 ± 10.85 | 0.21 ± 11.46 |
| Fried potatoes | 7.44 ± 9.25 | −23.89 ± 18.79 | 12.37 ± 13.09 | −27.59 ± 24.52 | 14.45 ± 13.86 |
| Grains (servings/d) | |||||
| Whole-grain foods | 12.50 ± 1.91sect | 4.88 ± 3.52 | 7.54 ± 3.55* | 8.20 ± 3.17† | 4.31 ± 3.17 |
| Refined grains | 5.51 ± 1.64† | 2.38 ± 2.89 | 1.13 ± 2.98 | 7.05 ± 2.99* | −1.47 ± 2.67 |
| Sweet breads | 0.47 ± 3.23 | 5.59 ± 6.31 | 2.16 ± 5.45 | 4.75 ± 4.97 | −9.89 ± 6.13 |
| Salty snacks | −1.62 ± 4.28 | 9.22 ± 9.48 | −9.54 ± 12.85 | −1.57 ± 4.95 | 6.45 ± 8.37 |
| Grain desserts | 8.34 ± 2.73† | 4.02 ± 4.23 | 4.39 ± 4.69 | 23.94 ± 7.27† | 7.65 ± 5.53 |
| Meats and fish (servings/d) | |||||
| Red meat regular | 2.24 ± 2.30 | −11.84 ± 4.04† | 2.65 ± 4.24 | −2.09 ± 4.66 | 5.92 ± 3.45 |
| Red meat lean | 7.07 ± 3.78 | 0.33 ± 6.16 | 2.49 ± 6.36 | −6.94 ± 7.11 | −12.96 ± 8.58 |
| Processed meats | 5.76 ± 2.76* | −0.34 ± 4.68 | 10.09 ± 4.60* | −4.27 ± 5.83 | 0.09 ± 4.53 |
| Organ meats | −54.14 ± 22.37* | −51.27 ± 54.87 | 17.76 ± 29.89 | −65.63 ± 67.72 | −109.33 ± 29.32† |
| Poultry | 0.85 ± 1.73 | 2.62 ± 3.26 | −1.18 ± 3.10 | 8.04 ± 3.43* | 0.78 ± 2.54 |
| Fish | 31.02 ± 17.76 | 19.14 ± 21.55 | 33.09 ± 44.93 | 28.93 ± 45.00 | −9.72 ± 36.61 |
| Fried (fish, chicken, shellfish) | −9.78 ± 4.63* | 14.26 ± 10.38 | −9.50 ± 7.09 | −46.31 ± 18.51* | −2.22 ± 5.49 |
| Lean fish | −0.03 ± 2.52 | 0.60 ± 4.97 | 7.55 ± 5.12 | −3.92 ± 4.42 | 0.47 ± 3.37 |
| Shellfish | −5.76 ± 4.95 | −2.74 ± 9.63 | 3.56 ± 7.31 | −7.35 ± 12.33 | 3.90 ± 7.23 |
| Dairy (servings/d) | |||||
| Low fat | −1.05 ± 1.63 | −3.58 ± 2.48 | 0.11 ± 4.20 | −1.72 ± 2.60 | 4.93 ± 3.64 |
| Whole fat | 2.07 ± 1.37 | 3.32 ± 3.35 | 8.22 ± 4.24 | 3.01 ± 1.46* | 3.14 ± 2.95 |
| Fats (servings/d) | |||||
| Margarine | −1.96 ± 1.72 | 0.95 ± 3.70 | 4.17 ± 3.12 | −0.50 ± 2.90 | −1.48 ± 2.22 |
| Oil | 1.22 ± 0.60* | 0.96 ± 1.00 | 1.14 ± 1.32 | 2.64 ± 1.00† | −0.30 ± 0.95 |
| Butter | −1.03 ± 1.04 | 0.78 ± 1.44 | −1.26 ± 2.25 | −1.92 ± 2.02 | 0.41 ± 1.85 |
| Beans | 10.49 ± 5.96 | 7.57 ± 9.49 | 1.13 ± 9.65 | 10.49 ± 11.91 | 12.34 ± 12.12 |
| Eggs/omelets | −0.02 ± 3.32 | −26.15 ± 8.57† | 5.80 ± 5.19 | −8.24 ± 5.54 | 5.24 ± 5.81 |
| Seeds, nuts, peanut butter | 1.98 ± 1.49 | 1.63 ± 2.98 | 7.19 ± 2.87* | 3.24 ± 2.61 | −3.26 ± 2.06 |
| Salad dressings/sauces | −1.33 ± 1.48 | −1.47 ± 3.15 | 2.37 ± 2.72 | 1.50 ± 3.04 | 1.93 ± 2.09 |
| Soups | 31.17 ± 26.27 | −38.26 ± 41.52 | 8.28 ± 58.28 | 26.81 ± 38.70 | 44.25 ± 50.91 |
| Soy/nondairy products | −2.51 ± 1.11* | 2.30 ± 2.63 | 3.47 ± 3.44 | −0.36 ± 1.79 | 0.36 ± 1.28 |
| Pickled foods | −3.00 ± 2.00 | −0.02 ± 6.24 | −21.75 ± 7.90† | −1.64 ± 1.95 | −2.51 ± 3.71 |
| Chocolate | 4.01 ± 6.50 | −5.68 ± 10.29 | 14.33 ± 15.00 | 18.90 ± 9.22* | −19.69 ± 13.70 |
| Sweet extras | 0.46 ± 0.66 | 0.44 ± 1.37 | 1.91 ± 0.99 | 0.41 ± 1.73 | 0.07 ± 0.92 |
| Sugar substitutes | 0.89 ± 0.77 | 2.31 ± 1.13* | 2.43 ± 2.96 | 0.43 ± 1.00 | −0.21 ± 2.07 |
| Beverages (servings/d) | |||||
| Sugar-sweetened soft drinks | −1.26 ± 2.09 | −6.48 ± 4.13 | −0.96 ± 3.68 | 1.14 ± 4.46 | 0.19 ± 2.70 |
| Diet soft drinks | 0.26 ± 1.45 | −1.56 ± 2.15 | 5.66 ± 3.31 | −3.88 ± 2.14 | −1.87 ± 3.58 |
| Coffee | 5.40 ± 1.28sect | 1.46 ± 1.88 | −7.36 ± 4.04 | −0.24 ± 2.01 | 3.13 ± 2.86 |
| Tea | 0.10 ± 1.59 | −1.55 ± 2.38 | −10.75 ± 6.73 | 2.99 ± 2.22 | 0.56 ± 3.19 |
| Meal replacement drinks | 12.81 ± 4.59† | 9.84 ± 8.35 | 7.80 ± 6.20 | −4.71 ± 12.77 | −1.92 ± 8.55 |
| Beer | 15.18 ± 3.25sect | 4.88 ± 4.91 | −2.80 ± 5.66 | 11.00 ± 9.10 | 2.77 ± 5.67 |
| Liquor | 1.83 ± 2.89 | −5.11 ± 8.10 | 0.44 ± 4.10 | 6.36 ± 4.92 | 6.03 ± 4.67 |
| Wine | 13.28 ± 3.50sect | 16.92 ± 5.67† | 17.33 ± 13.64 | 13.44 ± 4.58† | 17.51 ± 7.15* |
1
All values are variable estimates ± SEs. All models were adjusted for age, center, education, smoking status, physical activity, BMI, and energy intake. Coefficients represent the predicted change in treadmill duration in seconds per daily serving of each food group. *,§,†,‡P values were derived from t statistics of model coefficients in fully adjusted models: *P < 0.05, §P < 0.0001, †P < 0.01, ‡P < 0.001.