. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Nov 1.

Published in final edited form as: Drugs Aging. 2013 Nov;30(11):10.1007/s40266-013-0118-4. doi: 10.1007/s40266-013-0118-4

Table 3.

Studies of the Predictive Validity of the MAI

Author/Year	Patients/Setting	# of Patients/ Mean # Drugs Rated	Outcome	Results
Schmader/1997²²	Outpatients/ VA Primary Care Clinics, Durham, NC, USA	208/7.9	Hospital admission Unscheduled ambulatory or ED visits Blood Pressure control	MAI scores higher for hospital admission (18.9 vs. 16.9, p = 0.07; unscheduled ambulatory or ED visits (18.8 vs. 16.3, p = 0.05); inadequate blood pressure control (4.7 vs. 3.1, p =0.02)
Lund/2010²³	Outpatients/VA Primary Care Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA	236/10.6	Adverse drug event	MAI standard score (Adj. OR 1.03; 95% CI 0.99–1.06) MAI modified score (Adj. OR 1.13; 95% CI 1.02–1.25)
Hanlon/2011²⁴	Outpatients/11 VA Medical Centers, USA	359/7.6	Type A adverse drug reactions	Drug-drug interaction (Adj. OR=2.37; 95% CI 0.91–6.11); Drug-disease interaction (Adj. OR 1.93; 95% CI 1.00–3.72)
Olsson/2011²⁵	Hospital discharge to home/University Hospital, Orebro, Sweden	150/10	EQ-5D Index; EQ VAS	Higher MAI scores associated with lower quality of life; EQ-5D index (p = 0.001 study start; p = 0.001 at 6 months; p = 0.013 at 12 months); EQ VAS (p = 0.026 at study start; p = 0.003 at 6 months; p = 0.007 at 12 months)
Hellstrom/2011²⁶	Inpatients/University Hospital, Lund, Sweden	210/8	Drug-related hospital visits after Lund Integrated Medicine Management model intervention	Lower MAI scores associated with fewer drug-related hospital visits in intervention group compared to control group
Somers/2012²⁷	Inpatients/University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium	50/8.6	Drug-related hospital admissions	Significantly higher MAI scores for drug-related hospitalizations (p = 0.04 geriatrician; p = 0.03 pharmacist)
Gillespie/2013²⁸	Inpatients/University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden	386/8.1	Drug-related hospital readmissions	Greater risk of risk of drug-related hospital readmission with higher MAI scores (RR 1.09; 95% CI 1.04–1.14)

Adj=adjusted; CI=confidence interval; MAI=Medication Appropriateness Index; OR=odds ratio; RR= relative risk; USA=United States of America; VA=Veterans Affairs