Table 3.

Studies on the in vitro antimicrobial effect of blue light

Light Source	Radiant exposure	Bacterial species/strains	Inactivation efficacy	Ref
405-nm diode laser	20 J/cm2	H. pylori	>99.9%	225
405 nm light-emitting diode	15 J/cm2 at lamp aperture	P. gingivalis	>75%	233
380–520 nm broadband light	4.2–42 J/cm2	P. gingivalis, P. intermedia, P. nigrescens, P. elaninogenica, S. constellatus	P. intermedia and P. nigrescens: >5 log10 at 4.2 J/cm2; P. melaninogenica: >5 log10 at 21 J/cm2; P. gingivalis:1.83 log10 at 42 J/cm2	278
400–500 nm blue lamps	260 and 1300 mW/cm2 for up to 3 min	P. gingivalis, F. nucleatum, S. mutans, E. faecalis	The minimal inhibitory dose for P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum was 16–62 J/cm2, for S. mutans and S. faecalis was 159–212 J/cm2	279
405 and 470 nm light	15 J/cm2	S. aureus, P. aeruginosa	S. aureus: 90% at 405 nm, 62% at 470 nm; P. aeruginosa: 95.1% at 405 nm, 96.5% at 470 nm	280
407–420 nm		five P. acnes strains	decreased by 15.7% immediately and 24.4% at 60 min after the irradiation.	231
407–420 nm	75J/cm2	P. acnes	less than 2-log10 units (99%) illuminated once; decreased by 4-log10 units (99.99%) after two illuminations and by 5-log10 units (99.999%) after three illuminations	281