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The effects of 50 ng/mL TNF-α on contractility. (A) Specimen record showing contractility transients. (B) Mean systolic shortening. (C) Mean diastolic cell length. (D) Mean relaxation time (90–10% of maximal systolic shortening). In all panels, the periods compared are control, initial TNF-α application (within 20 sec), and sustained TNF-α application (∼3 min).
