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The proposed residue pathway for light (hυ)-driven bacteriorhodopsin proton pumping. A proton from the cytoplasm protonates aspartate 96 (D96) which transfers the H+ to the Schiff’s base (SB) which separates the two half channels. From the SB, the proton is sequentially passed to aspartate 85 (D85), glutamate 204 (E204), E194, and finally to water in the external medium.
