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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Nov 1.
Published in final edited form as: Mitochondrion. 2013 Sep 1;13(6):10.1016/j.mito.2013.08.007. doi: 10.1016/j.mito.2013.08.007

Figure 1. Outline of the two major mitochondrial signaling pathways.

Figure 1

(A) Anterograde signaling is transmitted by activated nuclear transcription factors and cytoplasmic proteins essential for mitochondrial biogenesis. (B) Retrograde signaling originates in dysfunctional mitochondria and communicated to the nucleus resulting in altered expression of nuclear genes.