Table 2.
Cohort A: prevalence and type of spin by main text by section
| |
Dichotomous outcomes |
Continuous outcomes |
All studies |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |
Number |
(%) |
Number |
(%) |
Number |
(%) |
| n = 13 | n = 15 | n = 28 | ||||
|
Results – any type* |
4 |
(30.8) |
4 |
(26.7) |
8 |
(28.6) |
| Focus on statistically significant results from: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Within-group analyses |
0 |
(0.0) |
0 |
(0.0) |
0 |
(0.0) |
| Subgroups |
4 |
(30.8) |
3 |
(20.0) |
7 |
(25.0) |
| Secondary outcomes |
0 |
(0.0) |
3 |
(20.0) |
3 |
(10.7) |
| Per protocol analysis |
2 |
(15.4) |
1 |
(6.7) |
3 |
(10.7) |
| Other |
1 |
(7.7) |
0 |
(0.0) |
1 |
(3.6) |
|
Discussion – any type |
8 |
(61.5) |
8 |
(53.3) |
16 |
(57.1) |
| Focus on statistically significant results from: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Within-group analyses |
0 |
(0.0) |
0 |
(0.0) |
0 |
(0.0) |
| Subgroups |
4 |
(30.8) |
4 |
(26.7) |
8 |
(28.6) |
| Secondary outcomes |
0 |
(0.0) |
5 |
(33.3) |
5 |
(17.9) |
| Per protocol analysis |
2 |
(15.4) |
1 |
(6.7) |
3 |
(10.7) |
| Claims equivalence |
0 |
(0.0) |
0 |
(0.0) |
0 |
(0.0) |
| Rules out adverse effect |
1 |
(7.7) |
5 |
(33.3) |
6 |
(21.4) |
| Other |
5 |
(38.5) |
0 |
(0.0) |
5 |
(17.9) |
|
Conclusions – any type |
7 |
(53.8) |
10 |
(66.6) |
17 |
(60.7) |
| Claims effectiveness with no acknowledgement of NS results for primary outcome |
4 |
(30.8) |
4 |
(26.7) |
8 |
(28.6) |
| Claims equivalence |
1 |
(7.7) |
5 |
(33.3) |
6 |
(21.4) |
| Rules out adverse effect |
0 |
(0.0) |
0 |
(0.0) |
0 |
(0.0) |
| Acknowledges non-significance, but emphasizes significant results for other outcomes |
3 |
(23.1) |
4 |
(26.7) |
7 |
(25.0) |
| Acknowledges non-significance, but emphasizes treatment benefit |
2 |
(15.4) |
3 |
(20.0) |
5 |
(17.9) |
| Emphasizes benefit based on new outcome |
1 |
(7.7) |
3 |
(20.0 |
4 |
(14.3) |
| Other | 0 | (0.0) | 0 | (0.0) | 2 | (7.1) |
*More than one type could be used in each section of a report. NS, non-significant.