Table 1.

Health care provider and patient behaviors to facilitate communication

Domain	Health Care Provider Behaviors	Adolescent and Emerging Adult Patient Behaviors
Questions and information-sharing	Direct questions and information to adolescent/emerging adult rather than or in addition to parent Wait for adolescent/emerging adult response to questions Use open-ended questions to facilitate engagement in the encounter and encourage disclosure	Disclose personal information and honest responses to provider questions Ask questions during the visit Repeat back instructions to ensure understanding
Tone and affect	Open, warm, non-judgmental Culturally-sensitive Use active listening and remain engaged with adolescent/emerging adult throughout visit, even when on a tight schedule	Open, positive, interested Maintain active involvement and collaboration with provider throughout visit
Autonomy-promotion	Structure medical visit to include time alone with adolescent/emerging adult patient Ask opinions and preferences of adolescent/emerging adult patient Engage adolescent/emerging adult patient in treatment decision making	Increasingly initiate conversation with provider Share opinions and preferences with provider Participate in treatment decision making
Problem-solving	Assess barriers to self- management Guide patients in generating solutions to diabetes challenges	Disclose challenges to self- management Practice problem-solving skills and engage with provider in generating possible solutions
Preparation prior to visit	Obtain training in issues related to adolescent and emerging adult development Obtain training in issues related to communicating with patients of differing ethnic/racial backgrounds.	Prepare questions for health care provider prior to medical visit Be knowledgeable about diabetes history and current treatment regimen