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. 2013 Nov 19;7:159. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00159

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Copyright © 2013 Yang, Loureiro, Kalikhman and Crawley.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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USVs and social behaviors in BTBR males in phases 1, 2, and 3. USVs were detected from 9 out of 11 BTBR in phase 1, 4 out of 11 BTBR in phase 2, and 9 out of 11 BTBR in phase 3. All animals were included in call number analysis and behavioral comparisons. BTBR emitted fewer USVs in phase 2 than in phase 1, and more in phase 3 than in phase 2. Analysis of behavioral parameters revealed no significant differences between phase 1 and phase 3, on durations of anogenital sniffing, body sniffing, follow, and total social investigation. BTBR displayed higher levels of nose-to-nose sniffing in phase 3 than in phase 1. ^*p < 0.05 vs. phase 1; ^&p < 0.05 vs. phase 2.