Table 1.
General characteristics of the study population. P values were calculated between the two ethnic groups.
| Maternal characteristics | Native Dutch, n = 80 | % | Nonnative Dutch, n = 192 | % | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) age in yrs | 32.9 ± 4.8 | 33.1 ± 5.9 | 0.829 | ||
| Mean (SD) body mass index in kg/m2 | 32.1 ± 6.5 | 30.4 ± 5.6 | 0.096 | ||
| Median (Q1–Q3) GA at 1st booking in weeks | 8.0 (6.0–10.3) | 11.5 (8.0–19.0) | <0.001 | ||
| Alcohol use | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n/a |
| Smoking habits | 11 | 13.8 | 11 | 5.7 | 0.06 |
| Nulliparous | 22 | 27.5 | 34 | 17.7 | 0.079 |
| Median (Q1–Q3) duration of diabetes (yrs) | 2.0 (1.0–5.8) | 1.0 (0.0–3.0) | 0.004 | ||
| Chronic complications | |||||
| Retinopathy | 3 | 3.8 | 7 | 3.6 | 0.657 |
| Neuropathy | 1 | 1.3 | 2 | 1.0 | 0.65 |
| Nephropathy | 2 | 2.5 | 4 | 2.1 | 0.569 |
| Cardiovascular | 2 | 2.5 | 2 | 1.0 | 0.338 |
| Preconceptional treatment of diabetes | <0.001 | ||||
| No | 22 | 27.5 | 80 | 41.7 | |
| Oral | 9 | 11.3 | 64 | 30.3 | |
| IIT | 36 | 45.0 | 36 | 18.8 | |
| CSII | 6 | 7.5 | 1 | 0.5 | |
| Unknown | 7 | 8.8 | 11 | 5.7 | |
| Glycemic control | |||||
| Median (Q1–Q3) HbA1c preconceptional | 48 (39–59) (n = 25)* | 52 (45–68) (n = 46)* | 0.04 | ||
| Median (Q1–Q3) HbA1c first trimester | 45 (36–57) (n = 45)* | 53 (43–66) (n = 107)* | 0.001 | ||
| Median (Q1–Q3) HbA1c second trimester | 37 (34–43) (n = 47)* | 45 (40–53) (n = 118)* | <0.001 | ||
| Median (Q1–Q3) HbA1c third trimester | 40 (34–44) (n = 49)* | 42 (40–51) (n = 143)* | <0.001 | ||
| Median (Q1–Q3) HbA1c during pregnancy | 41 (36–48) (n = 49)* | 48 (41–56) (n = 143)* | <0.001 | ||
| Mean (SD) birth weight in grams | 3395 ± 698 | 3376 ± 822 | 0.857 |
*Number of available HbA1c samples.