Table 2.
Evaluations and quality assessment scores.
| Authors, year, and country | Study design (n = ?) |
Measures | Effect of the group therapy | Type of group therapy | Definitions | Religious/spiritual factors | Quality assessment scores | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | |||||||
| O'Rourke (1996) [42] USA |
Qualitative, exploratory design: (n = 12) |
Audiotaped and transcribed the therapy sessions. | Addressing spiritual issues in group psychotherapy greatly facilitate an integration of spirituality with all other dimensions of the individual's personality. | Spiritual issues group (psychodynamically oriented) for adults with major mental illness. |
Religion: the individual's religious affiliation or denominational background. Spirituality: the individual's ultimate values, relationship with others, and perception of the sacred which may be expressed within or outside the context of religious tradition. |
Creating a spiritual safe place for raising and exploring spiritual issues. | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
|
| ||||||||||||||||
| Goodman and Manierre (2008) [39] USA |
Qualitative | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
|
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| Margolin et al. (2005) [40] USA |
Quantitative pretest-posttest design: acupuncture treatment and 3-S therapy. (n = 15) |
Drug use: urine samples, depression: BDI, anxiety: STAI. |
Patients were abstinent significantly longer. Reductions in depression and anxiety. | Spiritual self-schema therapy (cognitive-behavioral and Buddhist) for treatment of HIV-positive drug users. | Spirituality or religion is not defined. | Create, strengthen, and make the “spiritual self-schema” (3-S) more accessible for activation. | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
|
| ||||||||||||||||
| Richards and Owen (1993) [44] USA |
Quantitative, pretest-posttest design. (n = 15) |
Depression: BDI, perfectionism: PS, self-esteem: CSE. Religious/spiritual well-being: SWBS. | Participants scored low on depression and perfectionism, and high on self-esteem and existential well-being. | Group counseling (cognitive methods) intervention for self-defeating perfectionism with devout Mormon clients. | Spirituality or religion is not defined. | Address religious beliefs that exacerbate perfectionistic tendencies and make these tendencies more difficult to overcome. | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
|
| ||||||||||||||||
| Rungreangkulkij et al. (2011) [45] Thailand |
Quantitative, pretest-posttest design with matched control group: (n = 32) |
Depression: PHQ-9 | 6-month followup: 65.5% of control group and 100% of Buddhist group returned to normal. | A Buddhist group therapy for diabetes patients with depressive symptoms. | Buddhistic principles: the three universal laws: (1) impermanence, (2) suffering, and (3) selflessness (no self). |
Creating insights about cravings and being able to realize the law of impermanence and nonself. | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
|
| ||||||||||||||||
| Revheim et al. (2010) [46] USA |
Quantitative, follow-up design with matched control group. (n = 20) |
Spirituality status: SSQ, self-efficacy: SES, quality of life: QOL, hopefulness: HHI. | Group attendees' had significant higher spirituality status and hope than nonattendees. | “The spirituality matters group” for patients with schizophrenia in the recovery process. | Spirituality: personal beliefs and values related to the meaning and purpose of life, which may include faith in a higher purpose or power. | Explore nondenominational religious and spiritual themes designed to facilitate comfort and hope. | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
|
| ||||||||||||||||
| Garlick et al. (2011) [47] USA |
Quantitative, pretest-posttest-follow-up design. (n = 24) |
Physical well-being: FACT-B, psychological well-being: POMS, posttraumatic growth: PTGI, spiritual well-being: FACIT-Sp-Ex. | Participants improved psychological well-being, physical well-being, spiritual well-being, and posttraumatic growth | A Psychospiritual integrative therapy (PSIT) for women with primary breast cancer. | Spiritualty: a variety of practices and beliefs that may or may not stem from a particular denomination. Includes meaning, faith-based, and existential coping components. | Addressing worldviews, life purpose, and life meaning. | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
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|
Austad and Folleso (2003) [41] Norway |
Quantitative, pretest-posttest design. (n = 23) |
General symptoms: SCL-90, depression: BDI, interpersonal problems: IIP. | The average of the patients' general symptoms went from 1.2 to 0.7. The average for depression went from 19.8 to 8.8. | “Vita-prosjektet” for patients who have religious and existential experiences as an important element in their illness. | Spirituality or religion is not defined. | Address God representations. | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 |
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| Tarakeshwar et al. (2005) [43] USA |
Quantitative, pretest-posttest design. (n = 13) |
Religious beliefs/practices: selected subscales from BMMRS, psychological distress: CES-D. | Patients reported higher self-rated religiosity, less negative spiritual coping, lower depression, and more positive spiritual coping. | A spiritual coping group intervention for HIV patients. | Spirituality: relationship with God/higher power, renewed engagement with life, relationship with family. | Reflect on how spirituality helped or hindered coping with HIV. | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 |
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|
Jimenez (1993) [38] USA |
Quantitative | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |||||