Table 2.
Odds Ratios and Log Odds from Binary Logit Models: Paid Work, Formal Volunteering, Informal Volunteering, and No Public Engagement by Gender, ATUS 2003–2009
| A. Men
|
B. Women
|
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Paid Work1,2 | Formal Volunteering | Informal Volunteering | No Public Engagement1,2 | Paid Work | Formal Volunteering | Informal Volunteering | No Public Engagement | |||||||||
| OR | β | OR | β | OR | β | OR | β | OR | β | OR | β | OR | β | OR | β | |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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| Biographical Pacing | ||||||||||||||||
| Third Age | ||||||||||||||||
| 50–54 | 1.02 | 0.02 | 0.95 | −0.05 | 0.88 | −0.13 | 1.46 | 0.38* | 0.96 | −0.04 | 1.16 | 0.15 | 1.42 | 0.35* | 1.03 | 0.03 |
| 55–59 | 0.81 | −0.21 | 1.08 | 0.08 | 0.75 | −0.29 | 1.73 | 0.55** | 0.64 | −0.45*** | 0.99 | −0.01 | 1.11 | 0.10 | 1.75 | 0.56*** |
| 60–64 | 0.77 | −0.26 | 0.71 | −0.34 | 0.70 | −0.36 | 2.41 | 0.88*** | 0.64 | −0.45*** | 1.21 | 0.19 | 0.94 | −0.06 | 2.13 | 0.75*** |
| 65–69 | 0.58 | −0.54* | 1.90 | 0.64* | 0.56 | −0.59* | 2.65 | 0.97*** | 0.40 | −0.91*** | 0.99 | −0.01 | 0.67 | −0.40 | 3.31 | 1.20*** |
| 70–74 | 0.52 | −0.65* | 2.18 | 0.78* | 0.82 | −0.19 | 3.02 | 1.10*** | 0.28 | −1.27*** | 1.30 | 0.26 | 0.55 | −0.61* | 4.81 | 1.57*** |
| Post-Third Age | ||||||||||||||||
| 75–79W | 0.30 | −1.21*** | 1.84 | 0.61 | 0.44 | −0.82* | 4.33 | 1.46*** | 0.08 | −2.53*** | 1.49 | 0.40 | 0.58 | −0.54 | 6.51 | 1.87*** |
| Employment Status | ||||||||||||||||
| Full Time | -- | 0.54 | −0.61** | 0.77 | −0.26 | -- | -- | 0.68 | −0.39* | 0.79 | −0.24 | -- | ||||
| Part Time | -- | 0.73 | −0.31 | 1.48 | 0.39 | -- | -- | 0.95 | −0.05 | 1.02 | 0.02 | -- | ||||
| Self Employed | -- | 0.73 | −0.31 | 0.72 | −0.33 | -- | -- | 1.12 | 0.11 | 1.01 | 0.01 | -- | ||||
| Volunteer Work | ||||||||||||||||
| Formal (Yes) | 0.75 | −0.29 | -- | 1.60 | 0.47* | -- | 0.92 | −0.08 | -- | 1.43 | 0.36 | -- | ||||
| Informal (Yes) | 0.54 | −0.61*** | 1.59 | 0.46 | -- | -- | 0.68 | −0.39** | 1.42 | 0.35 | -- | -- | ||||
| Educational Activities (Yes) | 0.70 | −0.36 | 0.49 | −0.72 | -- | -- | 0.52 | −0.65 | 1.01 | 0.01 | -- | -- | ||||
| Social Location | ||||||||||||||||
| Health | ||||||||||||||||
| Good/Excellent (CPS) | 2.24 | 0.81*** | 0.93 | −0.07 | 1.20 | 0.18 | 0.47 | −0.76*** | 1.54 | 0.43** | 1.55 | 0.44* | 1.18 | 0.16 | 0.51 | −0.67*** |
| Work Disability (Yes) | 0.23 | −1.49*** | 0.62 | −0.47 | 1.10 | 0.10 | 4.03 | 1.39*** | 0.34 | −1.08*** | 0.84 | −0.18 | 0.86 | −0.15 | 3.15 | 1.15*** |
| Social Class | ||||||||||||||||
| College Degree (Yes)W | 1.64 | 0.49*** | 2.38 | 0.87*** | 1.02 | 0.02 | 0.59 | −0.53*** | 1.27 | 0.24** | 1.96 | 0.67*** | 1.17 | 0.16 | 0.61 | −0.49*** |
| Race | ||||||||||||||||
| BlackN | 0.72 | −0.33** | 0.73 | −0.31 | 0.92 | −0.08 | 1.48 | 0.39** | 0.91 | −0.09 | 0.96 | −0.04 | 0.80 | −0.22 | 1.03 | 0.03 |
| HispanicW | 1.31 | 0.27* | 0.52 | −0.66* | 0.78 | −0.25 | 1.10 | 0.09 | 0.84 | −0.18 | 0.68 | −0.38 | 0.77 | −0.27 | 1.59 | 0.46*** |
| Other | 1.12 | 0.11 | 0.61 | −0.49 | 1.27 | 0.24 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 1.18 | 0.16 | 0.88 | −0.13 | 0.61 | −0.50 | 1.07 | 0.07 |
| Non-Wage Income Sources | ||||||||||||||||
| Retirement (Pension)N | 0.40 | −0.92*** | 0.98 | −0.02 | 1.15 | 0.14 | 2.37 | 0.86*** | 0.56 | −0.57*** | 1.11 | 0.10 | 1.23 | 0.20 | 1.58 | 0.46*** |
| SSI | 0.20 | −1.61** | 0.19 | −1.66** | 0.33 | −1.10 | 5.72 | 1.74*** | 0.20 | −1.60** | 0.71 | −0.34 | 0.46 | −0.78* | 4.09 | 1.41*** |
| SS F,N | 0.26 | −1.33*** | 0.54 | −0.62* | 1.24 | 0.21 | 3.69 | 1.31*** | 0.28 | −1.26*** | 1.08 | 0.08 | 1.34 | 0.30 | 2.15 | 0.76*** |
| Linked Lives | ||||||||||||||||
| Marital Status-Spouse’s Employment | ||||||||||||||||
| Married, Spouse Employed W,F,N | 1.23 | 0.21 | 2.14 | 0.76*** | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.61 | −0.49*** | 0.65 | −0.43*** | 1.30 | 0.26 | 0.79 | −0.23 | 1.28 | 0.25** |
| Married, Spouse Not Employed W,I,N | 0.86 | −0.15 | 1.85 | 0.62** | 0.56 | −0.59*** | 1.03 | 0.03 | 0.48 | −0.72*** | 1.38 | 0.32* | 0.97 | −0.03 | 1.89 | 0.64*** |
| Children under 18 in the Home (Yes) W,N | 1.06 | 0.06 | 1.28 | 0.25 | 0.68 | −0.38* | 0.90 | −0.11 | 0.68 | −0.39*** | 1.13 | 0.13 | 0.71 | −0.34* | 1.54 | 0.43*** |
| Non-Resident Child Care (Yes) | 0.61 | −0.49* | 1.32 | 0.28 | 1.22 | 0.20 | 1.41 | 0.34 | 0.45 | −0.81*** | 1.38 | 0.32 | 1.62 | 0.48** | 1.11 | 0.11 |
| Adult Care (Yes) | 0.34 | −1.07*** | 1.02 | 0.02 | 2.43 | 0.89** | 1.07 | 0.07 | 0.65 | −0.43* | 1.01 | 0.01 | 2.18 | 0.78*** | 1.11 | 0.10 |
| Constant | −1.29*** | −2.89*** | −1.73*** | −1.85*** | −0.97*** | −3.17*** | −2.15*** | −1.27*** | ||||||||
|
| ||||||||||||||||
| Model Fit | ||||||||||||||||
| F-test/Likelihood Ratio Chi-square | 31.04*** | 5.44*** | 3.28*** | 31.03*** | 30.71*** | 3.93*** | 3.22*** | 38.31*** | ||||||||
| df | 30 | 32 | 32 | 27 | 30 | 32 | 32 | 27 | ||||||||
| Total observations | 5847 | 5847 | 5847 | 5847 | 7491 | 7491 | 7491 | 7491 | ||||||||
Source: Authors’ calculations using the 2003–2009 American Time Use Survey (ATUS).
Estimated models differ without constant based on Chow test (p<.05).
Estimated models differ with constant based on Chow test (p<.05).
Estimated coefficients differ by gender based on Chow test (p<.05) in work model (W), formal volunteering model (F), informal volunteering model (I), or non-engagement model (N).
Notes : Reference categories are ages 45–49, not working for pay (in formal/informal volunteer models), not a formal volunteer (in paid work and informal volunteer models), not an informal volunteer (in paid work and formal volunteer models), no educational activities (in paid work, formal/informal volunteer models), less than a college degree, does not receive retirement income, does not receive SSI, does not receive SS, white, fair/poor health, no work disability, not married, no children under 18 in the household, not giving adult care, not providing care to non-resident children, 2003, weekend interview.
p <.05;
p <.01;
p <.001 (two-tailed tests).