Table 3.
Coefficients from Regressions: Minutes Spent in Paid Work, Formal Volunteering, and Informal Volunteering on the Diary Day by Gender, ATUS 2003–2009
| A. Men
|
B. Women
|
|||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Paid Work2 | Formal Volunteering1,2 | Informal Volunteering3 | Paid Work | Formal Volunteering | Informal Volunteeringa | |||||||
| β | SE | β | SE | β | SE | β | SE | β | SE | Marginal Effect | SE | |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Biographical Pacing | ||||||||||||
| Third Age | ||||||||||||
| 50–54 | −18.41 | (12.53) | −12.23 | (25.42) | −6.64 | (15.83) | 4.32 | (11.17) | 28.46 | (20.34) | −10.75 | (8.21) |
| 55–59 F | −30.26* | (12.73) | −73.94** | (28.60) | −28.06 | (19.66) | −17.92 | (12.75) | −3.57 | (18.33) | 0.03 | (9.78) |
| 60–64 | −40.71* | (16.10) | −2.52 | (35.82) | −40.67* | (17.23) | −30.71* | (15.39) | 24.28 | (23.35) | −9.68 | (9.42) |
| 65–69 | −116.90*** | (30.91) | −49.55 | (43.32) | −7.02 | (23.49) | −34.47 | (29.74) | 1.90 | (30.36) | −15.46 | (12.71) |
| 70–74 | −135.28*** | (39.14) | −43.42 | (53.78) | −15.41 | (26.59) | −93.08** | (34.21) | 18.54 | (29.53) | −19.09 | (14.01) |
| Post-Third Age | ||||||||||||
| 75–79 | −137.66** | (52.85) | −54.24 | (47.58) | −19.28 | (28.70) | −95.64* | (45.07) | 17.16 | (29.79) | −6.37 | (14.49) |
| Employment Status | ||||||||||||
| Full Time | -- | -- | −92.30*** | (27.62) | −4.81 | (15.69) | -- | -- | −46.14* | (18.18) | −6.03 | (6.92) |
| Part Time | -- | -- | −81.67** | (24.91) | −15.93 | (17.15) | -- | -- | −34.27 | (20.12) | 12.16 | (8.02) |
| Self Employed F | -- | -- | −119.39*** | (31.91) | −33.59 | (17.75) | -- | -- | −28.60 | (19.50) | 14.02 | (14.34) |
| Volunteer Work | ||||||||||||
| Formal (Yes) | −55.76** | (20.60) | -- | -- | −15.32 | (15.82) | −86.55*** | (18.93) | -- | -- | −13.44 | (8.71) |
| Informal (Yes) F | −75.08*** | (20.01) | −57.14** | (19.12) | -- | -- | −86.00*** | (16.84) | −3.21 | (14.41) | -- | |
| Educational Activities (Yes) | −118.57* | (53.36) | −72.92 | (55.65) | −58.78** | (19.65) | −59.11 | (31.07) | −62.41*** | (18.69) | −18.45 | (13.48) |
| Social Location | ||||||||||||
| Health | ||||||||||||
| Self-Reported Good/Excellent (CPS) | 5.89 | (20.66) | −9.28 | (31.78) | 16.23 | (14.17) | −2.72 | (16.14) | 51.04** | (17.69) | −12.48 | (10.04) |
| Work Disability (Yes) F | −3.88 | (26.11) | −108.16*** | (31.94) | 6.45 | (16.94) | −50.32 | (32.32) | 4.72 | (21.20) | 0.68 | (9.62) |
| Social Class | ||||||||||||
| College Degree (Yes) | −31.82*** | (9.28) | −17.29 | (17.17) | −23.99* | (10.23) | −18.27 | (9.66) | −1.60 | (11.42) | −18.45 | (13.48) |
| Race | ||||||||||||
| Black | −15.92 | (19.13) | −10.01 | (31.58) | −21.29 | (19.33) | 24.93 | (13.36) | 1.79 | (16.61) | −20.26** | (7.62) |
| Hispanic | 0.73 | (15.13) | 6.59 | (34.72) | 30.88 | (25.09) | 1.66 | (14.57) | 51.88** | (18.52) | −17.04 | (15.22) |
| Other | 36.78 | (23.50) | 67.67 | (93.17) | −23.55 | (24.02) | 43.01* | (21.43) | 48.10 | (40.04) | −5.70 | (10.49) |
| Non-Wage Income Sources | ||||||||||||
| Retirement (Pension) | −9.12 | (17.62) | −48.14* | (23.13) | 8.86 | (13.90) | −17.90 | (26.14) | −3.41 | (16.25) | 2.94 | (7.96) |
| SSI | 28.68 | (95.25) | 11.54 | (76.50) | −35.37 | (21.82) | 63.18 | (68.46) | 0.12 | (38.87) | 4.92 | (15.23) |
| SS | −35.16 | (32.58) | 2.81 | (36.37) | −17.78 | (18.20) | −35.87 | (24.57) | −14.01 | (15.99) | 1.38 | (7.77) |
| Linked Lives | ||||||||||||
| Marital Status-Spouse’s Employment | ||||||||||||
| Married, Spouse Employed W,F | 18.47 | (11.50) | 25.56 | (22.81) | −0.72 | (14.19) | −25.64** | (9.68) | −30.74 | (15.71) | −8.87 | (6.63) |
| Married, Spouse Not Employed W,F | 26.20 | (13.78) | 22.75 | (21.03) | 5.13 | (15.57) | −24.47 | (13.65) | −40.16** | (14.37) | −4.35 | (6.90) |
| Children under 18 in the Home (Yes) | −24.45* | (10.80) | −26.10 | (22.44) | −23.51 | (15.47) | −25.72* | (11.01) | −13.11 | (16.25) | 3.48 | (6.69) |
| Non-Resident Child Care (Yes) F | −78.48*** | (23.49) | −97.86*** | (19.59) | −21.47 | (17.42) | −48.86* | (21.33) | −22.31 | (16.19) | −14.82 | (8.41) |
| Adult Care (Yes) | −67.15* | (30.60) | −3.82 | (32.95) | 1.46 | (22.41) | −89.55*** | (27.15) | −34.61 | (24.12) | 6.55 | (6.36) |
| Constant | 391.58*** | (25.45) | 272.41*** | (49.34) | 109.03*** | (23.25) | 361.29*** | (23.31) | 144.92*** | (36.56) | ||
|
| ||||||||||||
| Model Fit | ||||||||||||
| F | 13.01*** | 2.62*** | 2.74*** | 14.68*** | 2.43*** | 1.79** | ||||||
| df | 30 | 32 | 32 | 30 | 32 | 32 | ||||||
| Total observations | 2381 | 416 | 495 | 2186 | 627 | 750 | ||||||
Source: Authors’ calculations using the 2003–2009 American Time Use Survey (ATUS).
Estimated OLS models differ without constant based on Chow test (p<.05).
Estimated OLS models differ with constant based on Chow test (p<.05).
Chow tests not conducted because male and female models are specified differently.
Estimated coefficients differ by gender based on Chow test (p<.05) in work model (W), formal volunteering model (F).
Notes : Data shown for OLS models are regression coefficients with standard error in parentheses. Results for women’s informal volunteering are from a zero-truncated negative binomial model and show marginal effects with standard errors in parentheses. Reference categories are ages 45–49, not working for pay (in formal/informal volunteer models), not a formal volunteer (in paid work and informal volunteer models), not an informal volunteer (in paid work and formal volunteer models), no educational activities, less than a college degree, does not receive retirement income, does not receive SSI, does not receive SS, white, fair/poor health, no work disability, not married, no children under 18 in the household, not giving adult care, not providing care to nonresident children, 2003, and weekend interview.
p <.05;
p <.01;
p <.001 (two-tailed tests).