Table 2.

Test problems search and initialization ranges for the PSO variants.

Label	CDIW-PSO	REPSO	DAPSO	APSO	DLPSO2
f 1	—	—	[−32,32]	—	[−32,32]
f 2	[−600,600]	[−600,600]	[−600,600]	[−600,600]	[−600,600]
f 3	[−5.12,5.12]	[−10,10]	[−5.12,5.12]	[−5.12,5.12]	[−10,10]
f 4	[−30,30]	[−100,100]	—	[−30,30]	—
f 5	[−100,100]	[−10,10]	—	—	[−1.0,1.0]
f 6	[−100,100]	[−10,10]	—	—	[−100,100]