Effects of sAPP-activated primary microglia on the levels of neuronal p38-MAPK and tau phosphorylation and of synaptophysin. A, Western immunoblots of phosphorylated p38-MAPK (p38-phos), total p38-MAPK (Total-p38); B, synaptophysin (Syn), phosphorylated tau (Tau-phos), and total tau (Total-tau) in cortical neurons cocultured with naive primary microglia (Con), sAPP-stimulated microglia (sAPP), sAPP-stimulated microglia in the presence of IL-1ra (sAPP+IL-1ra), of anti-TNFα (sAPP + α-TNFα), or of anti-IL-1β antibody (sAPP+α-IL-1β). C, Quantification of protein levels of p38-phos, Syn, and Tau-phos. Values are expressed as mean ± SEM of three to four samples from two independent experiments. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01.