Table 2.
Details of studies included in systematic review with prevalence estimates of anxiety and depressive disorders
| Study | Study type | No of participants (sexes), age range (years) | Outcome measures | Prevalence (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rural setting | ||||
| Population based sample: | ||||
| Hussain et al 2000w7 | Prospective two stage survey | 259 (both), ≥18 | PHQ cut-off >5, SRQ >8, PAS ID level >4, LEDS | AP of A+D=44.4% (35.3 to 53.6). P=57.5% (women), 25.5% (men) |
| Mumford et al 1996w13 | Prospective two stage survey | 515 (both), ≥18 | BSI-21 cut-off >20, ICD 10R | PP of A+D (using BSI-21)=15% (men), 46% (women) |
| Mumford et al 1997w14 | Prospective two stage survey | 664 (both), ≥18 | BSI-44 cut-off >25, SRQ cut-off >5, ICD 10R, SESP | PP of A+D (using BSI-44 and SRQ (high and middle) scores)=25% (men), 66% (women); (using BSI-44)=23% (men), 61% (women); (using SRQ)=26% (men), 75% (women) |
| Patients of traditional or faith healers: | ||||
| Malik et al 2000w11 | Prospective survey | 100 (both), 0-80 | ICD 10 | D=18%, GAD=5%. (Men: D=6.3%, GAD=4.2%. Women: D=28.8%, GAD=5.8%) |
| Saeed et al 2000w19 | Prospective cross sectional survey | 113 (both), No data | GHQ 12 cut-off >1, psychiatric interview | P of D=12.39%, P of A=1.76%. (Men: D=2.65%, A=0%. Women: D=9.73%%, A=1.76%) |
| Saeed et al 2000w20 | Prospective two stage survey | 298 (both), No data | GHQ-12 cut-off >1, PAS | D=24% (19 to 29), GAD=15% (11 to 19), PA=4% (2 to 7). Men: D=15% (8 to 22), GAD=6% (2 to 12), PA=6% (2 to 12). Women: D=29% (23 to 36), GAD=20% (14 to 25), PA=3% (1 to 7) |
| Primary care sample: | ||||
| Dodani et al 2000w4 | Prospective cross sectional survey | 120 (women), 16-60 | Questionnaire, HADS cut-off >10 | P of A+D=50%, D=8.3%, A=25%, DA=16.7%. |
| Urban setting | ||||
| Population based sample: | ||||
| Javed 1994w9 | Prospective cross sectional survey | 200 (both), No data | GHQ-30 cut-off >9, HADS cut-off >7 | P=33% using GHQ-30, data from HADS unclear. |
| Mumford et al 2000w15 | Prospective two stage survey | 760 (both), ≥18 | BSI-44 cut-off >20, ICD10 R | PP of A+D (using BSI-44)=10% (men), 25% (women) |
| Rabbani et al 2000w18 | Prospective cross sectional survey | 260 (women), 15-49 | AKUADS cut-off >19, questionnaire | PC of A+D=28.8%. |
| Primary care sample: | ||||
| Ali et al 1993w1 | Prospective cross sectional survey | 167 (both), ≥16 | HADS cut-off >10 | PP of A+D=38.4% (A=19.2%, D=4.2%, DA=15%) |
| Ali et al 2000w2 | Prospective cross sectional survey | 487 (both), 16-65 | Point prevalence using DSM III R criteria | P of A+D=30.4%. Men: A+D=18% (A=5%, D=5.9%, DA=7.1%). Women: A+D=42.2% (A=14.1%, D=9.6%, DA=18.5%) |
| Psychiatric outpatients: | ||||
| Gadit et al 1998w5 | Retrospective case note study | 700 (both), No data | Psychiatric interview | D=51.6%, A=5.6%, PD=9.1%. |
| Gadit 2001w6 | Retrospective case note study | 1430 (both), 0-90 | Psychiatric interview | D=51.9%, A=5.9%, PD=0.8 |
| Javed et al 1991w8 | Retrospective case note study | 300 (both), No data | Psychiatric interview | D=21-30%, A=5-18%, Ph=1-3%, PD=1-15%. |
| Psychiatric inpatients: | ||||
| Malik et al 1999w10 | Case register based study | 177 (both), 10-90 | Psychiatric interview | D=12.9%, A=6.2%. |
| Minhas et al 2001w12 | Case register based study | 2620 (both), No data | Psychiatric interview | D=37% |
Epidemiological terms: AP=adjusted prevalence, PC=probable cases, PP=point prevalence, P=prevalence.
Disorders: A+D=anxiety and depressive disorders, A=anxiety, D=depression, DA=depression with anxiety, GAD=generalised anxiety disorder, PA=panic disorder (with or without agoraphobia),
Ph=phobias, PD=psychosomatic disorder.
Scales: AKUADS=Aga Khan University anxiety and depression scale, BSI=Bradford somatic inventory, DSM III-R=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (3rd ed revised), GHQ=general health questionnaire, HADS=hospital anxiety and depression scale, ICD-10-R=International Classification of Diseases Research Criteria (10th ed), PAS=psychiatric assessment schedule, PHQ=personal health questionnaire, LEDS=life events and difficulties schedule, SESP=socioeconomic scales for Pakistan, SRQ=self reporting questionnaire.