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. 2012 Apr 27;6(2):163–181. doi: 10.3897/CompCytogen.v6i2.1739

Table 1.

Synthesis of the cichlid species analyzed with respect to the karyotypic formulae, heterochromatin distribution and CMA3 patterns. m/sm, metacentric and submetacentric chromosomes; st/a, subtelocentric and acrocentric chromosomes; mi, microchromosomes; q, the long arm of a chromosome; p, the short arm of a chromosome; PeriC or C, pericentromeric regions; Prox, proximal portion of a chromosome; Term, Terminal portion of a chromosome; Int, interstitial portion of a chromosome; Adj, adjacent region; NOR, nucleolus organizing region; The numbers in the column “Additional blocks” indicate the number of chromosomes with the described pattern; in some cases, the ranking of these chromosomes are indicated in parentheses.

Tribes and species Origin of animals 2n Karyotypic formulae Heterochromatin distribution CMA3 + blocks References
General pattern Additional blocks
Cichlini
Cichla piquiti Kullander et Ferreira, 2006 Das Mortes river, Araguaia basin, MT State, Brazil 48 48st/a PeriC NOR; term 2 NOR (term) This work
Cichla kelberi Kullander et Ferreira, 2006 Araguaia river, MT State, Brazil 48 48st/a C NOR; int 1 q absent Teixeira et al. 2009
Cichla monoculus Spix et Agassiz, 1831 Uatumã and Solimões rivers, AM State, Brazil 48 48a PeriC NOR; int 1 q absent Brinn et al. 2004
Cichla temensis Humboldt, 1821 Uatumã and Jaú rivers, AM State, Brazil 48 48a PeriC NOR; int 1 q absent Brinn et al. 2004
Retroculini
Retroculus lapidifer lapidifer (Castelnau, 1855) Das Mortes river, Araguaia basin, MT State, Brazil 48 48st/a PeriC NOR; term 1 q NOR (term) and PeriC This work
Astronotini
Astronotus ocellatus (Agassiz, 1831) Tietê river, SP State, Brazil 48 16m/sm + 32st/a C NOR absent Mazzuchelli and Martins 2009
Geophagini
Apistogramma trifasciata (Eigenmann et Kennedy, 1903) Paraná river, Missiones, Argentina 46 16m/sm + 30st/a PeriC absent absent Roncati et al. 2007
Biotodoma cupido (Heckel, 1840) Das Mortes river, Araguaia basin, MT State, Brazil 48 4m/sm + 44st/a PeriC NOR; some prox blocks NOR (int) This work
Crenicichla britskii Kullander, 1982 Jupiá river, PR State, Brazil 48 8m/sm + 40st/a PeriC NOR; 1 p almost completely heterochromatic (1st pair) absent Benzaquem et al. 2008
Crenicichla strigata Günther, 1862 Das Mortes river, Araguaia basin, MT State, Brazil 48 6m/sm + 42st/a PeriC NOR; some prox blocks NOR (term) and PeriC This work
Crenicichla prope johanna Heckel, 1840 Negro and Solimões rivers, AM State, Brazil 48 8m/sm + 40st/a PeriC NOR; term 1 q (19th pair) absent Benzaquem et al. 2008
Crenicichla cincta Regan, 1905 Negro and Solimões rivers, AM State, Brazil 48 8m/sm + 40st/a PeriC adj NOR absent Benzaquem et al. 2008
Crenicichla iguassuensis Haseman, 1911 Iguaçu river, PR State, Brazil 48 4m + 4sm + 14st + 26a PeriC Some term blocks NOR Mizoguchi et al. 2007
Crenicichla inpa Ploeg, 1991 Negro and Solimões rives, AM State, Brazil 48 6m/sm + 42st/a PeriC adj NOR absent Benzaquem et al. 2008
Crenicichla lepidota Heckel, 1840 São Gonçalo stream and Polegar lake, RS State, Brazil 48 4m + 4sm + 40st/a PeriC term 1 p and 1 q (1st pair); int 1 q (1st pair) NOR Perazzo et al. 2010
Crenicichla lepidota Heckel, 1840 Porto Rico region, Paraná river basin, PR State, Brazil 48 2m + 4sm + 42st/a PeriC int 2 (1st and 5th pairs) absent Martins et al. 1995
Crenicichla lugubris Heckel, 1840 Negro and Solimões rivers, AM State, Brazil 48 8m/sm + 40st/a PeriC NOR; int 1 q (2nd pair) absent Benzaquem et al. 2008
Crenicichla niederleinii (Holmberg, 1891) Paraná river, Missiones, Argentina 48 6m/sm + 42st/a PeriC absent absent Roncati et al. 2007
Crenicichla reticulata (Heckel, 1840) Negro and Solimões river, AM State, Brazil 48 6m/sm + 42st/a PeriC adj NOR; int 1 q (10th pair) absent Benzaquem et al. 2008
Crenicichla sp.1 Iguaçu river, PR State, Brazil 48 4m + 4sm + 14st + 26a PeriC Some term blocks NOR Mizoguchi et al. 2007
Crenicichla sp. 2 Iguaçu river, PR State, Brazil 48 4m + 4sm + 14st + 26a PeriC Some term blocks NOR Mizoguchi et al. 2007
Geophagus brasiliensis (Quoy et Gaimard, 1824) Socavão and Verde rivers, PR State, Brazil 48 6sm + 42st/a PeriC/C absent NOR Vicari et al. 2006
Geophagus brasiliensis (Quoy et Gaimard, 1824) Jaguarriaíva river, PR State, Brazil 48 6sm + 42st/a PeriC/C Some int blocks NOR Vicari et al. 2006
Geophagus brasiliensis (Quoy et Gaimard, 1824) Saco da Alemoa, Gasômero, RS State, Brazil 48 4sm + 44st/a PeriC NOR NOR Pires et al. 2010
Geophagus brasiliensis (Quoy et Gaimard, 1824) Cambezinho and Três Bocas stream, Tibagi river basin, PR State, Brazil 48 4sm + 44st/a C NOR NOR Pires et al. 2008
Geophagus brasiliensis (Quoy et Gaimard, 1824) Pirapo river, Paranapanema basin, PR State, Brazil 48 8sm + 40st/a PeriC prox 1 p (10th pair) absent Martins et al. 1995
Geophagus proximus (Castelnau, 1855) Das Mortes river, Araguaia basin, MT State, Brazil 48 4m/sm + 44st/a PeriC NOR; 1 p almost completely heterochromatic NOR (int) This work
Gymnogeophagus balzanii (Perugia, 1891) Paraná river, Missiones State, Argentina 48 2m/sm + 46st/a PeriC absent absent Roncati et al. 2007
Geophagus gymnogenys (Hensel, 1870) Saco da Alemoa, Barra do Ribeiro, Gasômetro, RS State, Brazil 48 4m + 44st/a; 6m + 42st/a PeriC NOR NOR Pires et al. 2010
Geophagus labiatus (Hensel, 1870) Saco da Alemoa, Forqueta river, RS State, Brazil 48 4m + 4sm + 40st/a PeriC absent NOR Pires et al. 2010
Gymnogeophagus sp. Paraná river, Missiones, Argentina 48 2m/sm + 46st/a PeriC absent absent Roncati et al. 2007
Satanoperca jurupari (Heckel, 1840) Das Mortes river, Araguaia basin, MT State, Brazil 48 4m/sm + 44st/a PeriC absent NOR This work
Satanoperca pappaterra (Heckel, 1840) Porto rico region, Parana river basin, PR State, Brazil 48 6sm + 42st/a PeriC absent absent Martins et al. 1995
Cichlasomatini
Aequidens tetramerus Heckel, 1840 Araguaia river, MT State, Brazil 48 12m/sm + 36st/a PeriC absent NOR This work
Australoheros facetus (Jenyns, 1842) São Gonçalo stream and Polegar lake, RS State, Brazil 48 22sm + 26st/a PeriC/C absent NOR Perazzo et al. 2010
Bujurquina vittata (Heckel, 1840) Paraná river, Missiones, Argentina 44 22m/sm + 8st/a + 14 mi PeriC NOR; p arm of 5th pair completely heterochromatic absent Roncati et al. 2007
Cichlasoma dimerus (Heckel, 1840) Paraná river, Missiones, Argentina 48 8m/sm + 40st/a PeriC absent absent Roncati et al. 2007
Cichlasoma facetum (Jenyns, 1842) Tarumã lake, PR State, Brazil 48 10sm + 38 st/a PeriC/C absent NOR Vicari et al. 2006
Cichlasoma paranaense Kullander, 1983 Porto rico region, Parana river basin, PR State, Brazil 48 20sm + 28 st/a PeriC prox 2 p (2nd and 9th pairs) absent Martins et al. 1995
Laetacara araguaiae Ottoni et Costa, 2009 Araguaia river, MT State, Brazil 44 4m/sm + 40st/a PeriC absent NOR This work
Laetacara prope dorsigera (Heckel, 1840) Paraná river, PR State, Brazil 43 5m + 38a C NOR absent Martins-Santos et al. 2005
44 4m + 40a
45 3m + 42a
46 2m + 44a
Heroini
Heros efasciatus Heckel, 1840 Araguaia river, MT State, Brazil 48 8m/sm + 40st/a PeriC absent NOR (term) and int 1 p This work
Mesonauta festivus (Heckel, 1840) Das Mortes river, Araguaia basin, MT State, Brazil 48 14m/sm + 34st/a PeriC NOR; term 2 q NOR (term) This work
Pterophyllum scalare (Schultze, 1823) Jari river, PA State, Brazil 48 12m/sm + 36st/a PeriC/C 1 p almost completely heterochromatic (1st pair) NOR, some centromeres Nascimento et al. 2006
Symphysodon aequifasciatus Pellegrin, 1904 Bauana lake, Tefé river, AM State, Brazil 60 8m/sm + 8st/a +4mi; 50m/sm + 6st/a +4mi PeriC Some prox blocks; int 1 q (1st pair) absent Mesquita et al. 2008
Symphysodon discus Heckel, 1840 Boi-boi stream, Negro river, AM State, Brazil 60 50m/sm + 10st/a; 54m/sm + 6st/a PeriC Some prox blocks absent Mesquita et al. 2008
Symphysodon haraldi Schultz, 1960 Manacapuru river, AM State, Brazil 60 52m/sm + 4st/a +4mi PeriC Some prox blocks absent Mesquita et al. 2008