Figure 1.

HSP-APC interaction activates adaptive and innate immune responses. The interaction between the HSP-peptide complex and CD91 receptor on the APC leads to stimulation of peptide-specific CD8⁺ and CD4⁺ T lymphocyte responses. The interaction of HSP (no peptide complex) with CD40, CD36, etc., on APCs leads to the non-antigen-specific innate immune responses, including cytokine and chemokine release and DC maturation. HSP, heat shock proteins; APC, antigen-presenting cell; MHC, major histocompatibility complex; IL-12, interleukin 12; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; NO, nitric oxide; TNFα, tumor necrosis factor α; DC, dendritic cell.