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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: Ageing Res Rev. 2013 Jun 8;12(4):10.1016/j.arr.2013.05.008. doi: 10.1016/j.arr.2013.05.008

Figure 3. The intersection of Ca2+ dysregulation and neuroinflammation.

Figure 3

Ca2+ dysregulation in glia, especially astrocytes, can increase calcineurin (CN) activity and lead to the production and release of inflammatory factors. These factors can then initiate activation of the MAP kinase signaling pathways (p38) and Ca2+ dysregulation in neurons, leading to increased CN activity. Changes in neuronal Ca2+ signaling can further perpetuate Ca2+ dysregulation, synaptic plasticity deficits, and cognitive impairments.