Fig. 2. (A) Effect of betaine supplementation on oxidative stress markers in the livers of db/db mice (n = 8-10). Relative mRNA levels of HO-1/RPL-19 were determined by quantitative RT-PCR (n = 3). Each bar represents the mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05 compared with db/+ mice. #p < 0.05 compared with db/db mice. (B) Effect of betaine supplementation on ER stress markers in the livers of db/db mice. Top: Relative mRNA levels of spliced XBP-1 were determined by semiquantitative RT-PCR. Equal RNA loading was confirmed with beta-actin. Bottom: The protein levels of p-eIF2α and total eIF2α were determined by immunoblotting analysis.
