Fig. 3. Effect of betaine supplementation on glucose and lipid metabolism in the livers of db/db mice. (A) Relative mRNA levels of PGC-1α were determined by semiquantitative RT-PCR. Equal RNA loading was confirmed with beta-actin. (B) Relative mRNA levels of PPARα, CPT1a, and SCD1 were determined by real-time quantitative RT-PCR (n = 3-4). (C) The protein levels of p-ACC and beta-actin were determined by immunoblotting analysis (n = 3). Each bar represents the mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05 compared with db/+ mice. ^#p < 0.05 compared with db/db mice.