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. 2013 Dec;27(12):5072–5082. doi: 10.1096/fj.13-238279

Figure 7.

Figure 7.

Non-neuronal release of Ach from cardiomyocytes. WT cardiomyocytes secrete ACh in response to increased physiological stress (e.g., exercise) in a VAChT-dependent manner to regulate heart rate. This response is blunted in mice lacking VAChT specifically in cardiomyocytes due to the lack of non-neuronal ACh release.