Table 1. Recognized limitations of current licensed HPV Vaccines- Cervarix® (GSK) and Gardasil® (Merck & Co.).

Limitation	Impact	Solution and Alternatives
Cost of manufacturing, trials and IP leads to high vaccine price	Developing countries that do not have the economic means to afford the vaccine continue to bear the burden of cervical cancer	Investigate manufacturing generic L1 VLP vaccines in cheaper production systems like plants or bacteria, and reduce number of doses or combining with childhood vaccines
Type restriction	Vaccine does not protect against all HPV types causing cervical cancer, thus screening must continue for HPV-vaccinated women.	More HPV VLP types to create a highly multivalent HPV vaccine Alternative vaccine targeting broadly protective antigen L2
No therapeutic value	No effect on individuals with pre-existing HPV infection	Alternative vaccine constructs displaying E6 and E7