Table 3.
Adjusted (regression model) results relating pain interference to incident Axis-I psychopathology among male and female respondents.
| Male respondents |
Female respondents |
Interaction (male vs.
female) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Psychiatric Diagnoses | OR (95% CI) for oderate pain vs. No/Low pain |
OR (95% CI) for Severe pain vs. No/Low pain |
OR (95% CI) for Moderate pain vs. No/Low pain |
OR (95% CI) for Severe pain vs. No/Low pain |
OR (95% CI) for Moderate pain vs. No/Low pain |
OR (95% CI) for Severe pain vs. No/Low pain |
| Any Axis-I disorder | 1.21(0.89–1.63) | 1.61(1.21–2.15) | 1.17(0.92–1.49) | 1.5(1.21–1.86) | 1.03(0.70–1.50) | 1.07(0.79–1.47) |
| Any mood disorder1 | 1.82(1.31–2.53) | 1.87(1.43–2.45) | 1.16(0.90–1.49) | 1.61(1.31–1.97) | 1.57(1.04–2.37) | 1.17(0.85–1.62) |
| Major depression | 1.82(1.28–2.60) | 1.78(1.30–2.44) | 1.14(0.89–1.46) | 1.50(1.20–1.88) | 1.60(1.06–2.43) | 1.19(0.83–1.69) |
| Dysthymia | 1.27(0.56–2.90) | 2.10(1.05–4.22) | 1.10(0.65–1.87) | 1.39(0.88–2.21) | 1.16(0.45–3.00) | 1.51(0.68–3.37) |
| Mania | 2.21(1.25–3.92) | 1.51(0.98–2.33) | 1.28(0.80–2.06) | 1.80(1.29–2.50) | 1.73(0.87–3.41) | 0.84(0.50–1.40) |
| Hypomania | 0.90(0.41–1.97) | 1.43(0.83–2.44) | 0.98(0.60–1.61) | 1.77(1.04–2.99) | 0.92(0.35–2.37) | 0.81(0.40–1.65) |
| Any anxiety disorder2 | 1.67(1.20–2.31) | 1.73(1.33–2.25) | 1.22(0.96–1.56) | 1.31(1.05–1.63) | 1.36(0.89–2.07) | 1.33(0.97–1.82) |
| Panic disorder* | 1.56(0.89–2.72) | 2.01(1.26–3.20) | 1.67(1.18–2.35) | 1.71(1.30–2.27) | 0.93(0.48–1.81) | 1.17(0.73–1.88) |
| Agoraphobia | 3.14(0.57–17.18) | 2.28(0.32–16.51) | 2.75(0.87–8.69) | 5.75(1.91–17.25) | 1.14(0.17–7.35) | 0.40(0.05–3.16) |
| Social phobia | 1.74(1.04–2.93) | 1.52(0.96–2.41) | 1.47(1.03–2.08) | 1.05(0.77–1.43) | 1.19(0.64–2.22) | 1.45(0.85–2.46) |
| Specific phobia | 1.36(0.94–1.98) | 1.58(1.17–2.13) | 1.08(0.83–1.40) | 1.24(1.00–1.53) | 1.26(0.78–2.03) | 1.28(0.91–1.79) |
| Generalized-anxiety disorder | 2.48(1.54–4.00) | 2.36(1.63–3.41) | 1.52(1.14–2.03) | 1.69(1.28–2.24) | 1.63(0.94–2.83) | 1.39(0.90–2.15) |
| Any substance-use disorder3 | 1.18(0.85–1.62) | 1.56(1.15–2.10) | 1.13(0.84–1.52) | 1.12(0.86–1.45) | 1.04(0.67–1.61) | 1.39(0.95–2.03) |
| Alcohol abuse/dependence | 1.34(0.88–2.03) | 1.19(0.85–1.67) | 1.11(0.70–1.7) | 0.70(0.47–1.05) | 1.21(0.67–2.18) | 1.69(1.01–2.84) |
| Drug abuse/dependence | 1.12(0.57–2.20) | 0.94(0.57–1.54) | 1.85(1.12–3.03) | 1.13(0.68–1.88) | 0.60(0.27–1.35) | 0.83(0.41–1.69 |
| Nicotine dependence | 1.26(0.89–1.77) | 1.83(1.39–2.41) | 0.97(0.67–1.41) | 1.23(0.95–1.6) | 1.29(0.81–2.05) | 1.48(1.03–2.14) |
All models included the following covariates: sociodemographics (age, race, marital status, educational level, employment, household income), number of stressful life events, number of general medical conditions, and wave-1 Axis-II psychiatric disorders.
OR = odd ratio; CI = confidence interval. Bold values indicate statistically significant results (p < .05).
For all mood disorders, we adjusted for wave-1 past-year diagnosis of any substance-use disorder and any anxiety disorder.
For all anxiety disorders, we adjusted for wave-1 past-year diagnosis of any mood disorder and any substance-use disorder.
For all substance-use disorders, we adjusted for wave-1 past-year diagnosis of any mood disorder and any anxiety disorder.
with and without agoraphobia diagnosis of any mood disorder and any anxiety disorder.