Table 1.

Hemodynamic Parameters

Parameter	Sham				CHF
	Average	Min	Med	Max	Average	Min	Med	Max
HR, min−1	268±13	203	259	336	240±8	201	247	266
ESP, mm Hg	118.5±5	91	118.5	142	92±1*	84	93.5	101
EDP, mm Hg	8.3±1	5	7	14	24±1*	20.6	23.2	29
ESV, mL	132±18	62	114	218	240±65*	154.0	234.4	346
EDV, mL	262±31	130	273	388	307±57	247.0	284.8	397
SV, mL	164±16	93	182	215	88±16*	52	89	104
CO, mL/min	43.5±5	19	50	59	20.9±1*	14	22	24
Ea, mm Hg/μL	0.8±0.1	0.5	1	0.6	1.1±0.1	0.8	1.1	2
EF, %	59±3.4	48	54.5	77	28.4±7*	18.9	27.41	40
dP/dTmax, mm Hg/s	6823±350	5482	6729	8600	3962±200*	3034	3937	4688
SW, mm Hg×mL	16 167±1928	7872	18940	23 102	5124±457*	3040	5704	6696
−dP/dTmin, mm Hg/s	4664±268	5841	4684	3505	2515±162*	3436	2249	1939
Tau (W), ms	15.2±1.2	9	14.3	21	21.9±1*	16	22	26
Tau (G), ms	18.8±1.1	13	17.9	23	31.7±3.8*	18	27.8	55

Data are presented as average±SE. n=9 per group. Min, med, and max, minimum, median, and maximum parameter values, respectively. CHF indicates congestive heart failure; CO, cardiac output; dP/dT_max, peak rate of pressure rise; −dP/dT_min, peak rate of pressure decline; Ea, arterial elastance; EDP, end‐diastolic pressure; EDV, end‐diastolic volume; EF, ejection fraction; ESP, end‐systolic pressure; ESV, end‐systolic volume; HR, heart rate; SV, stroke volume; SW, stroke work; Tau (G), relaxation time constant using the Gauss–Seidel method; Tau (W), relaxation time constant calculated by Weiss method (regression of log pressure).

^*P<0.05, CHF vs sham.

^*P<0.005, CHF vs sham.