Table 1.
Clinical Characteristics of Study Population
| Total | Physical Stress–Induced Myocardial Ischemia | P Value | Mental Stress–Induced Myocardial Ischemia | P Value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Negative | Positive | Negative | Positive | ||||
| Group A | N=225 | n=165 | n=60 | n=200 | n=25 | ||
| Age, y±SD | 64±8 | 64±9 | 65±7 | 0.76 | 64±9 | 66±6 | 0.33 |
| Male sex, n (%) | 159 (71) | 115 (70) | 44 (73) | 0.44 | 143 (72) | 16 (64) | 0.54 |
| Previous MI, n (%) | 78 (35) | 61 (37) | 17 (28) | 0.24 | 69 (35) | 9 (36) | 0.92 |
| Previous PTCA, n (%) | 137 (61) | 97 (59) | 40 (67) | 0.26 | 122 (61) | 15 (60) | 0.85 |
| Previous CABG, n (%) | 71 (32) | 46 (28) | 25 (42) | 0.05 | 60 (30) | 11 (44) | 0.17 |
| Angina in the past 4 weeks, n (%) | 61 (27) | 43 (26) | 18 (30) | 0.55 | 51 (26) | 10 (40) | 0.16 |
| LVEF, % | 59±15 | 60±15 | 59±13 | 0.70 | 60±15 | 58±14 | 0.62 |
| Cardiovascular risk factors | |||||||
| Hypertension, n (%) | 158 (70) | 112 (68) | 46 (77) | 0.18 | 139 (70) | 19 (76) | 0.57 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 70 (31) | 46 (28) | 24 (40) | 0.08 | 59 (30) | 11 (44) | 0.15 |
| Depression, n (%) | 25 (11) | 19 (12) | 6 (10) | 0.76 | 21 (11) | 4 (16) | 0.43 |
| Current or ex‐smokers, n (%) | 132 (59) | 97 (59) | 35 (58) | 0.99 | 116 (58) | 16 (64) | 0.69 |
| Treatment at study entry | |||||||
| β‐Blocker, n (%) | 157 (70) | 116 (70) | 41 (68) | 0.99 | 140 (70) | 17 (68) | 0.63 |
| ARB, n (%) | 40 (18) | 26 (16) | 14 (23) | 0.16 | 34 (17) | 6 (24) | 0.44 |
| ACEI, n (%) | 78 (35) | 59 (36) | 19 (32) | 0.65 | 65 (33) | 13 (52) | 0.07 |
| Statin, n (%) | 181 (80) | 136 (82) | 45 (75) | 0.34 | 161 (81) | 20 (80) | 0.67 |
| CCB, n (%) | 38 (17) | 29 (18) | 9 (15) | 0.70 | 33 (17) | 5 (20) | 0.72 |
| Duration between angiogram and stress test, mo | 39±42 | 33±32 | 0.31 | 37±39 | 40±40 | 0.71 | |
| Group B | N=159 | n=94 | n=65 | n=132 | n=27 | ||
| Age, y±SD | 64±9 | 64±8 | 64±10 | 0.82 | 63±9 | 67±9 | 0.05 |
| Male sex, n (%) | 109 (69) | 59 (63) | 50 (77) | 0.06 | 92 (70) | 17 (63) | 0.49 |
| Previous MI, n (%) | 23 (15) | 9 (10) | 14 (22) | 0.04 | 18 (14) | 5 (19) | 0.51 |
| Previous PTCA, n (%) | 75 (47) | 43 (46) | 32 (49) | 0.67 | 64 (49) | 11 (41) | 0.46 |
| Previous CABG, n (%) | 54 (34) | 28 (30) | 26 (40) | 0.18 | 45 (34) | 9 (33) | 0.94 |
| Angina in the past 4 weeks, n (%) | 75 (47) | 47 (50) | 28 (43) | 0.55 | 63 (48) | 12 (44) | 0.83 |
| LVEF, % | 55±13 | 56±12 | 53±13 | 0.12 | 56±12 | 51±15 | 0.11 |
| Cardiovascular risk factors, n (%) | |||||||
| Hypertension | 126 (79) | 69 (73) | 57 (88) | 0.008 | 108 (82) | 18 (67) | 0.12 |
| Diabetes | 53 (33) | 28 (30) | 25 (39) | 0.21 | 46 (35) | 7 (26) | 0.38 |
| Depression | 42 (26) | 27 (29) | 15 (23) | 0.43 | 38 (29) | 4 (15) | 0.13 |
| Current or ex‐smokers | 110 (69) | 64 (68) | 46 (71) | 0.51 | 94 (71) | 16 (59) | 0.29 |
| Treatment at study entry, n (%) | |||||||
| β‐Blocker | 121 (76) | 71 (76) | 50 (77) | 0.84 | 102 (77) | 19 (70) | 0.44 |
| ARB | 22 (14) | 13 (14) | 9 (14) | 0.99 | 17 (13) | 5 (19) | 0.44 |
| ACEI | 82 (52) | 47 (50) | 35 (54) | 0.63 | 72 (55) | 10 (37) | 0.09 |
| Statin | 125 (79) | 70 (75) | 55 (85) | 0.13 | 104 (79) | 21 (78) | 0.91 |
| CCB | 36 (23) | 21 (22) | 15 (23) | 0.91 | 30 (23) | 6 (22) | 0.95 |
| Duration between angiogram and stress test, mo | 22±18 | 25±23 | 0.26 | 23±21 | 22±20 | 0.72 | |
| Combined groups A and B | N=384 | n=259 | n=125 | n=332 | n=52 | ||
| Age, y±SD | 64±9 | 64±8 | 64±9 | 0.76 | 64±8 | 67±8 | 0.04 |
| Male sex, n (%) | 268 (70) | 174 (67) | 94 (75) | 0.08 | 235 (71) | 33 (64) | 0.33 |
| Previous MI, n (%) | 101 (26) | 70 (27) | 31 (25) | 0.64 | 87 (26) | 14 (27) | 0.94 |
| Previous PTCA, n (%) | 212 (55) | 140 (54) | 72 (58) | 0.51 | 186 (56) | 26 (50) | 0.38 |
| Previous CABG, n (%) | 125 (33) | 74 (29) | 51 (41) | 0.02 | 105 (32) | 20 (39) | 0.35 |
| Angina in the past 4 weeks, n (%) | 136 (35) | 90 (35) | 46 (37) | 0.59 | 114 (34) | 22 (42) | 0.28 |
| LVEF, % | 58±14 | 58±14 | 56±13 | 0.09 | 58±14 | 55±14 | 0.11 |
| Cardiovascular risk factors, n (%) | |||||||
| Hypertension | 284 (74) | 181 (70) | 103 (82) | 0.003 | 247 (74) | 37 (71) | 0.67 |
| Diabetes | 123 (32) | 74 (29) | 49 (39) | 0.03 | 105 (32) | 18 (35) | 0.67 |
| Depression | 67 (17) | 46 (18) | 21 (17) | 0.82 | 59 (18) | 8 (15) | 0.65 |
| Current or ex‐smokers | 242 (63) | 161 (62) | 81 (65) | 0.47 | 210 (63) | 32 (62) | 0.80 |
| Treatment at study entry, n (%) | |||||||
| β‐Blocker | 278 (72) | 187 (72) | 91 (73) | 0.80 | 242 (73) | 36 (69) | 0.43 |
| ARB | 62 (16) | 39 (15) | 23 (18) | 0.38 | 51 (15) | 11 (21) | 0.32 |
| ACEI | 160 (42) | 106 (41) | 54 (43) | 0.62 | 137 (41) | 23 (44) | 0.78 |
| Statin | 306 (80) | 206 (80) | 100 (80) | 0.78 | 265 (80) | 41 (79) | 0.65 |
| CCB | 74 (19) | 50 (19) | 24 (19) | 0.99 | 63 (19) | 11 (21) | 0.77 |
| Duration between angiogram and stress test, mo | 33±36 | 29±28 | 0.29 | 32±34 | 30±32 | 0.80 | |
P‐value compares subjects with and without ischemia. ACEI indicates angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; CABG, coronary artery bypass graft surgery; CCB, calcium channel blocker; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; MI, myocardial infarction; PTCA, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty.