Table 3.
Anthropometric Outcomes at Age 7 According to Child Race/Ethnicity, before and after adjustment for Confounders and Early Life Risk Factors for Obesity
| Multivariable Models*: | White, non-Hispanic |
Black, non-Hispanic |
Hispanic |
|---|---|---|---|
| BMI z-score | Estimated difference (95% Confidence Interval) | ||
| Model 1. Child age and sex | 0.0 (Ref) | 0.48 (0.31, 0.64) | 0.43 (0.12, 0.74) |
| Model 2. Model 1 + Socioeconomic factors | 0.0 (Ref) | 0.35 (0.17, 0.53) | 0.27 (−0.06, 0.59) |
| Model 3. Model 2 + Parental BMI | 0.0 (Ref) | 0.22 (0.05, 0.40) | 0.22 (−0.08, 0.52) |
| Model 4. Model 3 + Pregnancy factors | 0.0 (Ref) | 0.23 (0.06, 0.40) | 0.24 (−0.07, 0.54) |
| Model 5. Model 4 + Infancy factors | 0.0 (Ref) | 0.16 (−0.01, 0.33) | 0.14 (−0.16, 0.44) |
| Model 6. Model 5 + Early childhood factors | 0.0 (Ref) | 0.07 (−0.11, 0.26) | 0.04 (−0.27, 0.35) |
| SS + TR skinfold thickness, mm | |||
| Model 1. Child age and sex | 0.0 (Ref) | 3.95 (2.43, 5.47) | 2.93 (0.02, 5.85) |
| Model 2. Model 1 + Socioeconomic factors | 0.0 (Ref) | 2.64 (0.96, 4.32) | 1.20 (−1.84, 4.24) |
| Model 3. Model 2 + Parental BMI | 0.0 (Ref) | 1.56 (−0.04, 3.16) | 0.81 (−2.07, 3.68) |
| Model 4. Model 3 + Pregnancy factor | 0.0 (Ref) | 1.57 (−0.03, 3.18) | 0.84 (−2.05, 3.74) |
| Model 5. Model 4 + Infancy factor | 0.0 (Ref) | 1.01 (−0.60, 2.61) | −0.01 (−2.89, 2.86) |
| Model 6. Model 5 + Early childhood factors | 0.0 (Ref) | 0.25 (−1.46, 1.97) | −0.86 (−3.83, 2.11) |
| DXA total fat mass index, kg/m 2 | |||
| Model 1. Child age and sex | 0.0 (Ref) | 0.66 (0.35, 0.97) | 0.72 (0.13, 1.30) |
| Model 2. Model 1 + Socioeconomic factors | 0.0 (Ref) | 0.42 (0.07, 0.76) | 0.39 (−0.22, 1.00) |
| Model 3. Model 2 + Parental BMI | 0.0 (Ref) | 0.18 (−0.14, 0.51) | 0.31 (−0.27, 0.89) |
| Model 4. Model 3 + Pregnancy factor | 0.0 (Ref) | 0.19 (−0.14, 0.51) | 0.33 (−0.26, 0.91) |
| Model 5. Model 4 + Infancy factor | 0.0 (Ref) | 0.08 (−0.25, 0.40) | 0.16 (−0.43, 0.74) |
| Model 6. Model 5 + Early childhood factors | 0.0 (Ref) | −0.05 (−0.40, 0.30) | 0.02 (−0.59, 0.62) |
| Waist circumference, cm | |||
| Model 1. Child age and sex | 0.0 (Ref) | 2.85 (1.57, 4.13) | 1.89 (−0.54, 4.31) |
| Model 2. Model 1 + Socioeconomic factors | 0.0 (Ref) | 2.13 (0.71, 3.55) | 0.94 (−1.59, 3.48) |
| Model 3. Model 2 + Parental BMI | 0.0 (Ref) | 1.09 (−0.25, 2.43) | 0.60 (−1.78, 2.99) |
| Model 4. Model 3 + Pregnancy factor | 0.0 (Ref) | 1.11 (−0.23, 2.45) | 0.65 (−1.74, 3.04) |
| Model 5. Model 4 + Infancy factor | 0.0 (Ref) | 0.66 (−0.69, 2.00) | −0.01 (−2.39, 2.38) |
| Model 6. Model 5 + Early childhood factors | 0.0 (Ref) | 0.12 (−1.32, 1.56) | −0.61 (−3.07, 1.85) |
|
Overweight or Obesity (BMI ≥ 85th v. < 85th
percentile) |
Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) | ||
| Model 1. Child age and sex | 1.0 (Ref) | 2.35 (1.69, 3.34) | 2.34 (1.22, 4.51) |
| Model 2. Model 1 + Socioeconomic factors | 1.0 (Ref) | 2.03 (1.36, 3.02) | 1.92 (0.96, 3.84) |
| Model 3. Model 2 + Parental BMI | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.67 (1.09, 2.56) | 1.88 (0.89, 3.94) |
| Model 4. Model 3 + Pregnancy factor | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.71 (1.12, 2.62) | 1.95 (0.92, 4.14) |
| Model 5. Model 4 + Infancy factor | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.54 (1.00, 2.39) | 1.69 (0.78, 3.67) |
| Model 6. Model 5 + Early childhood factors | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.35 (0.84, 2.16) | 1.46 (0.65, 3.28) |
*
Model 1 is adjusted for child age and sex; Model 2 is further adjusted for maternal age, education, parity, and household income; Model 3 is further adjusted for maternal and paternal BMI; Model 4 is adjusted for gestational diabetes and 2nd trimester depression; Model 5 is further adjusted for highest quartile of change in weight-for-age between birth and 6 months, not exclusively breastfeeding, introduction of solids < 4 months; Model 6 is further adjusted for insufficient sleep, having a TV in the bedroom, sugar sweetened beverage intake, and fast food intake.