Table 2.
Pathway analysis of the association between daughters’ circumcision status and several hypothesized variables
| |
Daughter circumcised |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1) Base model | (2) Add SES | (3) Add FGC messaging exposure | (4) Add empowerment | (5) Add cluster FE | |
|
Mother characteristics
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Year of birth |
0.997 |
0.997 |
0.997 |
0.997 |
1.001 |
| |
(0.980–1.015) |
(0.979–1.014) |
(0.980–1.014) |
(0.980–1.015) |
(0.982–1.020) |
| Circumcised |
63.388** |
54.850** |
57.473** |
57.382** |
16.206** |
| |
(33.478–120.021) |
(28.868–104.219) |
(30.166–109.501) |
(30.103–109.380) |
(8.295–31.662) |
| Age at first marriage |
0.937** |
0.969** |
0.969** |
0.970** |
0.963** |
| |
(0.918–0.956) |
(0.948–0.990) |
(0.949–0.990) |
(0.949–0.991) |
(0.940–0.986) |
| Age difference with husband |
0.985* |
0.987* |
0.988* |
0.987* |
0.986* |
| |
(0.974–0.997) |
(0.976–0.999) |
(0.976–0.999) |
(0.976–0.999) |
(0.973–0.998) |
| Number of Children |
1.018 |
1.006 |
1.005 |
1.003 |
0.999 |
| |
(0.974–1.063) |
(0.963–1.051) |
(0.962–1.050) |
(0.960–1.048) |
(0.953–1.048) |
| Muslim |
5.344** |
5.416** |
5.422** |
5.371** |
6.044** |
| |
(4.022–7.099) |
(4.071–7.206) |
(4.075–7.215) |
(4.037–7.145) |
(4.361–8.379) |
|
Daughter characteristics
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Birth order (relative to 4th or higher) |
|
|
|
|
|
| First born |
0.824 |
0.885 |
0.880 |
0.874 |
0.903 |
| |
(0.656–1.036) |
(0.703–1.115) |
(0.699–1.107) |
(0.694–1.101) |
(0.704–1.157) |
| Second born |
0.946 |
1.012 |
1.008 |
1.007 |
1.049 |
| |
(0.776–1.153) |
(0.829–1.236) |
(0.826–1.231) |
(0.825–1.229) |
(0.846–1.301) |
| Third born |
0.914 |
0.952 |
0.952 |
0.950 |
0.972 |
| |
(0.770–1.086) |
(0.800–1.132) |
(0.800–1.132) |
(0.799–1.131) |
(0.807–1.170) |
|
Household characteristics
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Household size (relative to Household size: 2 to 4) |
|
||||
| Household size: 5 to 7 |
0.943 |
0.995 |
0.998 |
1.000 |
1.127 |
| |
(0.700–1.269) |
(0.738–1.342) |
(0.740–1.346) |
(0.741–1.350) |
(0.813–1.563) |
| Household size: 8 to 10 |
1.008 |
1.080 |
1.082 |
1.087 |
1.106 |
| |
(0.819–1.239) |
(0.877–1.329) |
(0.879–1.331) |
(0.882–1.338) |
(0.880–1.389) |
| Household size: 11+ |
1.089 |
1.114 |
1.112 |
1.116 |
1.112 |
| |
(0.878–1.350) |
(0.898–1.382) |
(0.896–1.379) |
(0.899–1.385) |
(0.878–1.408) |
|
SES
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Wealth quintile 1 |
|
0.728** |
0.719** |
0.705** |
0.779* |
| |
|
(0.607–0.873) |
(0.599–0.863) |
(0.587–0.847) |
(0.636–0.953) |
| Wealth quintile 2 |
|
1.023 |
1.023 |
1.015 |
1.000 |
| |
|
(0.861–1.216) |
(0.861–1.216) |
(0.853–1.206) |
(0.827–1.210) |
| Wealth quintile 4 |
|
0.692** |
0.695** |
0.701** |
0.758** |
| |
|
(0.575–0.834) |
(0.577–0.837) |
(0.582–0.844) |
(0.619–0.930) |
| Wealth quintile 5 |
|
0.449** |
0.450** |
0.457** |
0.548** |
| |
|
(0.359–0.562) |
(0.360–0.563) |
(0.365–0.572) |
(0.423–0.709) |
| Mother works |
|
0.662** |
0.663** |
0.662** |
0.735** |
| |
|
(0.579–0.757) |
(0.579–0.758) |
(0.578–0.757) |
(0.636–0.850) |
| Mother completed primary |
|
0.836* |
0.842 |
0.854 |
0.692** |
| |
|
(0.700–0.999) |
(0.705–1.005) |
(0.715–1.021) |
(0.568–0.842) |
| Mother completed secondary or more |
|
0.546** |
0.552** |
0.567** |
0.591** |
| |
|
(0.452–0.660) |
(0.456–0.667) |
(0.468–0.687) |
(0.480–0.728) |
| Father completed primary |
|
1.072 |
1.077 |
1.077 |
1.018 |
| |
|
(0.915–1.256) |
(0.919–1.262) |
(0.919–1.261) |
(0.858–1.208) |
| Father completed secondary or more |
|
1.111 |
1.121 |
1.132 |
1.038 |
| |
|
(0.945–1.307) |
(0.953–1.318) |
(0.962–1.331) |
(0.868–1.242) |
|
Anti-FGC Messaging
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Exposed to 1 or more messages |
|
|
0.828** |
0.838** |
0.872 |
| |
|
|
(0.725–0.944) |
(0.734–0.957) |
(0.753–1.010) |
|
Empowerment Indexes
|
|
|
|
|
|
| PCA of household decisions |
|
|
|
0.999 |
1.014 |
| |
|
|
|
(0.959–1.040) |
(0.970–1.060) |
| PCA of tolerance of domestic violence |
|
|
|
1.042* |
1.028 |
| |
|
|
|
(1.006–1.079) |
(0.989–1.067) |
| Daughter YOB & Wave FE |
YES |
YES |
YES |
YES |
YES |
| Urban FE |
YES |
YES |
YES |
YES |
NO |
| Region FE (5 units) |
YES |
YES |
YES |
YES |
NO |
| Cluster RE |
YES |
YES |
YES |
YES |
NO |
| Cluster FE |
NO |
NO |
NO |
NO |
YES |
| Observations |
17579 |
17579 |
17579 |
17579 |
13755 |
| Number of Clusters | 2551 | 2551 | 2551 | 2551 | 1714 |
Note: Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals presented. ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05.