Table 3.
Supplemental analysis of association between daughters’ circumcision status and maternal education
| |
Daughter circumcised |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| |
Restricted sample with mother’s childhood location (N = 9883) |
|||
| (1) Cluster FE | (2) Area FE | (3) Area trends | (4) Reduced form | |
|
Mother characteristics
|
|
|
|
|
| Year of birth |
0.989 |
1.008 |
0.888** |
1.025* |
| |
(0.963–1.016) |
(0.988–1.028) |
(0.860–0.917) |
(1.000–1.050) |
| Circumcised |
14.703** |
9.695** |
9.849** |
10.098** |
| |
(5.332–40.543) |
(4.786–19.639) |
(3.742–25.918) |
(4.975–20.494) |
| Age at first marriage |
0.95882* |
0.984 |
0.986 |
0.976 |
| |
(0.927–0.992) |
(0.960–1.009) |
(0.956–1.017) |
(0.953–1.000) |
| Age difference with husband |
0.981 |
0.981** |
0.979* |
0.980** |
| |
(0.962–1.001) |
(0.967–0.995) |
(0.962–0.997) |
(0.967–0.994) |
| Number of Children |
0.975 |
0.987 |
0.977 |
0.983 |
| |
(0.911–1.043) |
(0.940–1.036) |
(0.918–1.040) |
(0.935–1.032) |
| Muslim |
9.004** |
7.340** |
7.295** |
7.338** |
| |
(5.450–14.875) |
(5.409–9.960) |
(4.567–11.653) |
(5.403–9.966) |
|
Daughter characteristics
|
|
|
|
|
|
Birth order (relative to 4th or higher) |
|
|
|
|
| First born |
1.099 |
0.807 |
0.791 |
0.781 |
| |
(0.774–1.560) |
(0.619–1.053) |
(0.609–1.026) |
(0.599–1.020) |
| Second born |
1.104 |
0.919 |
0.911 |
0.892 |
| |
(0.816–1.495) |
(0.729–1.158) |
(0.719–1.153) |
(0.707–1.124) |
| Third born |
1.188 |
1.012 |
1.008 |
0.996 |
| |
(0.909–1.552) |
(0.825–1.242) |
(0.817–1.243) |
(0.811–1.222) |
|
Household characteristics
|
|
|
|
|
|
Household size (relative to Household size: 2 to 4) |
|
|
|
|
| Household size: 5 to 7 |
1.121 |
0.935 |
0.874 |
0.900 |
| |
(0.699–1.796) |
(0.667–1.311) |
(0.570–1.341) |
(0.642–1.264) |
| Household size: 8 to 10 |
1.172 |
0.986 |
0.977 |
0.951 |
| |
(0.859–1.598) |
(0.789–1.232) |
(0.732–1.304) |
(0.761–1.190) |
| Household size: 11+ |
1.356 |
1.096 |
1.098 |
1.072 |
| |
(0.984–1.870) |
(0.868–1.385) |
(0.835–1.443) |
(0.847–1.356) |
|
SES
|
|
|
|
|
| Wealth quintile 1 |
0.826 |
0.862 |
0.836 |
0.906 |
| |
(0.627–1.088) |
(0.710–1.047) |
(0.641–1.092) |
(0.747–1.099) |
| Wealth quintile 2 |
0.899 |
1.000 |
1.001 |
1.031 |
| |
(0.693–1.165) |
(0.829–1.206) |
(0.795–1.260) |
(0.855–1.243) |
| Wealth quintile 4 |
0.644** |
0.696** |
0.691** |
0.657** |
| |
(0.478–0.868) |
(0.564–0.860) |
(0.539–0.886) |
(0.533–0.809) |
| Wealth quintile 5 |
0.509** |
0.445** |
0.428** |
0.404** |
| |
(0.344–0.754) |
(0.346–0.572) |
(0.320–0.574) |
(0.316–0.517) |
| Mother works |
0.782* |
0.807** |
0.811* |
0.776** |
| |
(0.638–0.960) |
(0.696–0.934) |
(0.675–0.974) |
(0.671–0.897) |
| Mother completed primary |
0.629** |
0.757** |
0.770* |
|
| |
(0.470–0.842) |
(0.617–0.929) |
(0.597–0.994) |
|
| Mother completed secondary or more |
0.611** |
0.622** |
0.614** |
|
| |
(0.450–0.830) |
(0.499–0.776) |
(0.466–0.808) |
|
| Father completed primary |
1.185 |
1.175 |
1.206 |
1.127 |
| |
(0.926–1.516) |
(0.983–1.405) |
(0.967–1.504) |
(0.944–1.345) |
| Father completed secondary or more |
1.055 |
0.949 |
0.932 |
0.778** |
| |
(0.814–1.368) |
(0.791–1.138) |
(0.750–1.159) |
(0.663–0.912) |
|
Area women’s educational attainment
|
|
|
|
|
| Proportion of women completing primary |
|
|
|
0.226** |
| |
|
|
|
(0.076–0.674) |
| Proportion of women completing secondary or more |
|
|
|
0.441 |
| |
|
|
|
(0.192–1.010) |
| Daughter YOB & Wave FE |
YES |
YES |
YES |
YES |
| Cluster FE |
YES |
NO |
NO |
NO |
| Area FE |
NO |
YES |
YES |
YES |
| Area* time trend FE |
NO |
NO |
YES |
NO |
| Observations |
7443 |
9806 |
9806 |
9739 |
| Number of clusters |
1089 |
|
|
|
| Number of Areas |
|
167 |
167 |
167 |
| Observations dropped because no variation in outcome within geographic unit | 2440 | 77 | 77 | 144 |
Note: Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals presented. ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05.