Response of osteoblasts derived from 1-month, 3-month, and 11-month-old rats to Ti surface roughness and hydrophilicity and treatment with 1α,25(OH)2D3. Cells were cultured on TCPS, PT, SLA, and modSLA Ti surfaces with or without 10−7M 1α,25(OH)2D3. (A,E) Osteoprotegerin, (B,F) VEGF-A, (C,G) active TGF-β1, and (D,H) latent TGF-β1 levels were determined. Values presented are mean ± SEM of six independent cultures. *p<0.05 vs. TCPS, ^p<0.05 vs. 1-month-old rats.