Table 2.
Immunotoxins against gliomas.
| Immunotoxin | Toxin used | Target antigen |
Administrative route |
Clinical trial phase |
Number and type of tumor |
Outcome | Adverse effect | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IL-4(38-37)- PE38KDEL |
(38-37) PE38KDEL |
IL-4R |
Intratumoral (CED) |
I/II | 31 (25 GBM and 6 AA) | Median survival 8.2 months; six-month survival was 52% | Headache, seizure, weakness, dysphasia, and hydrocephalus |
[21–23] |
|
| ||||||||
| IL13-PE38QQR | PE38QQR | IL-13R | Intratumoral (CED) |
I/II/III | Phase II, 51 (46 GBM, 3 AA, other 2); Phase III, 296 recurrent GBM | Infusion MTIC was 0.5 μg/mL; up to 6 d well tolerated; median survival 42.7 weeks (95% CI, 35.6–55.6) for GBM in Phase II and 36.4 weeks in Phase III, comparable to Gliadel Wafer | Headache, dysphasia, seizure, weakness, and pulmonary embolism |
[24–26] |
|
| ||||||||
| TP-38 | PE-38 | TGF-α | Intratumoral (CED) |
I | 20 (17 GBM, other 3) | Median survival 28 weeks (95% CI, 4.1–45.1) | Hemiparesis, fatigue, headache, and dysphasia | [27, 28] |
|
| ||||||||
| Tf-CRM107 | DT-CRM107 | Tf | Intratumoral (CED) |
I/II | 44 (GBM, AA) | Median survival 37 weeks, (95% CI, 26–49); 5/34 CR, 7/34 PR, response rate 35% (95% CI, 20–54; P < 0.0001) | Seizure, cerebral edema | [29] |
GBM: glioblastoma multiforme; AA: anaplastic astrocytoma; TGF: transforming growth factor; CED: convection-enhanced delivery; MTIC: maximum-tolerated infusate concentration; CI: confidence interval; Tf: transferrin; CR: complete response; PR: partial responders; RR: radiographic response.