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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Aug 31.
Published in final edited form as: Curr Opin Immunol. 2013 Aug 31;25(4):10.1016/j.coi.2013.07.004. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2013.07.004

Figure 2. A large number of metals are available for a variety of measurements.

Figure 2

The lanthanides provide 37 stable isotopes for measuring antigen-bound antibodies, MHC tetramers and nucleic acid probes with high sensitivity. Indium provides two additional low-sensitivity channels for highly expressed markers, and quantum dots provide one additional channel (cadmium). Rhodium and iridium, as DNA intercalators, register a cell event. Platinum, in the form of cisplatin:sulfur complexes, is used as a viability marker. Iodine, as iodo-deoxyuridine, is used for cell cycle measurements. Six palladium isotopes allow for mass tag “barcoding” and multiplexed measurement of samples.