Table 4.

Source of cognitive biases in the ACT-R integrated model of the AHA tasks.

Cognitive bias	Mechanism	Source of bias in functional model (ACT-R)
Confirmation bias	Attentional effect (seeking)	Feature selection behavior such as selecting SIGINT too early. Blended retrieval during layer choice using stored utilities.
	Overscaling in rule application   (weighing)	Bias in blended retrieval of mappings from likelihood factor to revised probability (low value). Weighted-distance utilities used for layer selections shows confirmation bias in weighing.
Anchoring in learning	Underscaling in rule application	Bias in blended retrieval of mappings from likelihood factor to revised probability (high values)
	Centroid computation	Inertia from centroid estimates to consolidated values to DM. Productions encoding thresholds in distance for centroid updating
Representativeness	Base-rate neglect	Base rate not a cue for matching to a category. Compute distance to category centroid rather than cloud of events. Blended retrievals ignore number of events
Probability matching	Resource allocation	Use of instance-based learning leads to tendency of risk aversion against winner-take-all instances, leading to the tendency for the blended retrieval of instances between pure probability matching and winner-take-all