Figure 4.

Demographic history of Culex tarsalis from the Sonoran Desert inferred from the mismatch distribution (a) and Bayesian skyline analysis (b). Vertical bars of the mismatch distribution show the observed distribution of pairwise differences among COI haplotypes, with the solid line representing the expected distribution under the sudden expansion model. The Bayesian skyline plot shows the estimated changes in effective female population size (N _ef) over time given on a logarithmic scale. The solid lines represent the median estimates of population size (middle line); upper and lower lines show the 95% highest posterior density (HPD) intervals. The vertical dotted lines represent the median estimate (right) and lower 95% HPD (left) of time to the most recent common ancestor.