Table 1.
Previous studies characterizing behavioral changes in mouse models of EAE.
| Pollak et al. (25) | Peruga et al. (26) | Rodrigues et al. (24) | Haji et al. (27) | Acharjee et al. (28) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Animals | Female SJL/J mice | Female C57BL/6 mice | Female C57BL/6 mice | Female C57BL/6 mice | Female C57BL/6 mice |
| EAE protocol | 150 μg of PLP139–151 15–20 × 106 activated lymph node cells i.p. | 50 μg of MOG35–55 100 ng of PTX i.p. | 100 μg of MOG35–55 300 ng of PTX i.p. | 200 μg of MOG35–55 500 ng of PTX i.p. | 100 μg of MOG35–55 800 ng of PTX i.p. |
| Onset of motor deficits (days) | Not specified | Signs of tail weakness at 60 dpi | Clinical signs of disease at 11 dpi | Expected at 10–11 dpi [according to Ref. (29)] | Limp tails at 9–13 dpi |
| Behavioral parameters/paradigms | Food and sucrose intake; social exploration | Open field; rotarod; light/dark box; startle response and pre-pulse inhibition; learned helplessness paradigm | Elevated plus maze; inhibitory avoidance task; object recognition task | Open field; elevated plus maze | Open field; elevated plus maze; forced swim test; tail suspension; sociability test; fear conditioning |
| Cytokine levels | IL-1β expression/level (RT-PCR/ELISA) and TNF-α expression (RT-PCR); PGE2 production (RIA assay); brain (cerebellum, hypothalamus, hippocampus, brain stem) | IL-6 and TNF-α expression (RT-PCR); brain (hippocampus); 15, 29, 41, 59 dpi | – | TNF-α levels (ELISA); Brain (striatum); 10 dpi | IL-1β and TNF-α expression (RT-PCR); brain (hippocampus, hypothalamus, amygdala) 7 dpi |
| Main results | Transient sickness behavior episodes associated with EAE attacks; Increased pro-inflammatory cytokine levels before the onset of motor impairment; decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokines at the peak of the neurological symptoms | Anxiety- and depression-like behavior before the occurrence of motor deficits; Increased TNF-α and neuronal loss in the hippocampus | No differences in anxiety-like behavior and memory in animals induced with EAE | Anxiety-like behavior before the occurrence of motor deficits; Increased TNF-α levels and activated microglia in the striatum | Anxiety- and depression-like behavior, memory loss and conditioned learning deficits in early stage of EAE; elevated levels of IL-1β and TNF-α in the hypothalamus and increased basal plasma corticosterone levels |